Systems of Psychotherapy Exam 2

cognitive therapy

developed by american psychiatrist Aaron T Beck; model which states that maladaptive thought are the root of all difficulties and that individuals can move toward overcoming difficulties by identifying and changing unhelpful or inaccurate thinking

cognitive model

originally constructed following research studies conducted by Beck to explain the psychological processes in depression and later expanded to focus to anxiety disorders

automatic thoughts/ cognitive distortions

maladaptive thoughts

always being right

being wrong is unthinkable and being right is more important than the feelings of others

heavens reward fallacy

expecting sacrifice and self denial to pay off and feeling bitter when reward doesn’t come

intermediate beliefs

beliefs that are connected to specific situations and experiences; more conscious and may be based on clear evidence and past experiences

core beliefs

deeply ingrained assumptions that we hold about others, ourselves, and the world; form in childhood and can be influenced by our family, culture, and experiences; typically our own voice; develop from repeating intermediate beliefs

cognitive restructuring

technique used to identify, challenge, and reframe irrational or maladaptive thoughts—known as cognitive distortions—into more balanced, accurate, and positive ones

rational disputation

act of disputing or debating of automatic thoughts with the socratic method

socratic method

technique of questioning by asking probing questions about clients irrational thoughts

etiology of depression

depressed people acquire a negative schema of the world in childhood and adolescence; children and adolescents who experience depression acquire this negative schema earlier

Beck’s negative triad

holds that depressed people have negative thoughts about themselves, their experience in the world, and the future

behavioral therapy

constitues the second major force in the field of psychology and psychotherapy; structured clinical approach that measures the clients’ behavior and then designs techniques to either increase healthy behavior or to eliminate unhealthy behavior

John B Watson

associated with classical conditioning and conducted the Little Albert Experiment

B.F. Skinner

made his reputation by testing Watson’s theories in the laboratory and known for developing operant conditioning and radical behaviorism

operant conditioning

developed by Skinner; idea that behavior is determined by its consequence- reinforcements/punishments make it more or less likley that the behavior will occur again

Radical behaviorism

focused on the functional analysis of behavior and the relationship between the environmental events and a particular response; maintained that operant conditioning could explain even the most complex of human behaviors; no allowance for cognitive processes

E.L. Thorndike

associated with operant conditioning; catbox

Skinner Box

experiment controlled the amount of food pellets that the pigeon was given with reinforcements and the pigeons peck were automatically recorded; reinforced the pigeon with food when the light was green rather than red and gradually, the pigeon learned to peck at the green light rather than the red

law of effect

the consequences of a behavior determine if that behavior will be learned or repeated; behavior that is followed by satisfying consequences will be more likely to be repeated and behavior that is followed by unsatisfying consequences will be less likely to be repeated

Joseph Wolpe

developed the behavioral technique of systematic desensitization to prove the we can unlearn our fears and maintained that he could teach clients relaxation techniques and reduce their fears by having them gradually rehearse fearful or stressful until they were able to handle the fear-producing objects

systematic desentization

involved developing a hierarchy of anciety-provoking situations and learning relaxation techniques and then learning to associated the previously anxiety provoking situation with relaxation

Ivan Pavlov

known for creating classical conditioning; Pavlov’s dogs

progressive relaxation prodecure

teached clients how to relax the muscles throughout their bodies

applied behavioral analysis

application of operant and classical conditioning to modify human behavior or application to teach an individual new skills while replacing undesirable behavior with desirable behavior

therapeutic frame

fixed elements fo the therapeutic relationship that provide the context for the therapeutic work; included both environmental and relational conditions and the boundaries of the therapeutic process

therapeutic setting

setting in which counseling will take place; location should feel secure, a place where the client can talk openly without being overheard or interrupted