Lecture 2 -> tunicates and agnatha

in a forest ecosystem an example of a biotic factor is a…

tree

two biotic factors affecting an ecosystem are…

plants and animals

the biome dominating much of the subarctic latitudes in North America and Eurasia is…

tundra

what are the two most important climatic factors affecting the distribution of world terrestrial biomes?

temperature and water availability

present climate change is largely the result of…

pollution such as CFCs; burning fossil fuels; greenhouse effects of CO2

what is adaptive radiation?

a burst of speciation often attributable to an event

pollination is an example of…

an ecosystem service

which two extinction risks may be a direct consequence of the pet trade?

over harvesting and introduction of exotic species

exotic species are a special threat to what kind of ecosystem?

island

no restoration is purely pristine because…

no one knows what species to restore it with

biodiversity…

increases towards the equator

is El Nino a result of global warming?

No it isn’t

which of the following contribute to global warming?

CH4; CFC; CO2; H20

which two biomes are most similar with regard to rainfall?

tundra and desert

which of the following represent an ecosystem?

a lake; a fish tank; a prairie

the types and number of species in an area is best determined by its…

biodiversity

what 3 components of the biosphere interact to produce the Earth’s climate?

energy (temperature); water; atmospheric gases

what is climate?

average condition of the atmosphere over a long period of time

what 2 scales is climate functionally described on?

macro and micro

Does sunlight provides the same amount of energy per m² everywhere on Earth during the course of a year?

No it doesn’t

the northern hemisphere summer solstice is best characterised by…

the hemisphere tilting towards the sun

what 3 properties of Earth’s orbit combine to influence the Milankovich cycle?

tilt; precession; eccentricity

can the Milankovich cycle explain the glacial events?

No it can’t

has solar radiation received at the Earth’s surface been a constant throughout the history of life on Earth?

No it hasn’t

which of the following is true about the Coriolis effect?

• caused by the Earth’s spin

• deflects objects to the right in the northern hemisphere

• deflects objects to the left in the southern hemisphere

which statements best describe the Doldrums?

at the equator; beneath the ITCZ

are deep sea currents driven by the wind?

No they are not

mountains have a significant effect on…

local temperature; sunlight reaching the surface; rainfall

biomes are…

major types of ecological associations occupying broad geographic regions

is stratification an important feature of terrestrial biomes?

Yes it is

which of the following are biomes?

tropical rainforest; savanna; desert; woodland and shrubland; temperate forest

do aquatic biomes account for the largest area of the biosphere?

yes it does

can aquatic biomes be classified as productivity?

yes

are aquatic biomes stratified by light penetration, temperature and depth?

yes they are

how many high tides are there per day?

2

what is peadomorphosis?

sexual maturation in juvenile form

chordate characteristics

notochord, brain, dorsal nerve chord, pharangeal slits, endostyle, muscular postnatal tail

what is endostyle?

primitive thyroid gland

pharangeal slits would evolve into…

gills

what are gnathostomes?

jawed vertebrates

first true fish…

described as agnathans

characteristics of ostracoderms

jawless fish, covered by bony plates, bony plates in mouth act like jaws, notochord is main axial support

where are the teeth in agnathan fish?

on the tongue

features of lampreys:

single nasal opening, endostyle, has a kidney, can osmoregulate in freshwater, large well developed eyes

what happened to the hagfish eyes?

they may have lost all but rudimentary eyes due to not needing them at a large depth

ammocoetes larvae…

looks almost identical to lancelet, remains burrowed for 3-7 years

what classes are in gnathostoma?

placodermi (extinct), chondricthyes, osteichthyes