proteins

PAABD

used in measuring phosphorylation

RTKs

signaling molecule that dimerizes and phosphorylates in trans

JAK

bound to receptor and phosphorylates itself in trans, the receptor, and STATs when ligand is bound

STATs

bind to phosphorylated receptor and release into the nucleus when phosphorylated

Notch

signal receptor that releases its intracellular domain when bound by Delta

G protein

protein with alpha, beta, and gamma subunits. alpha unit with bound ATP separates from the beta and gamma subunits to continue signaling pathway

Ca+ channel IP3 receptors

release calcium from ER as part of a G protein signal pathway

PLC

cleaves PIP2 when activated in a G protein signaling pathway

clathrin

coat protein involved in endocytosis

AP2

binds to PIP2 and clathrin

dynamin

breaks off endocytic and pinocytic vesicles using GTP

LDL receptor

example of a constitutive pathway receptor that is continuously endocytosed and recycled

ESCRT

push membranes to form multivesicular bodies

PI3K

phosphorylates PIP2 to PIP3

caveolin

stress sensitive protein that acts as a coat-like protein in pinocytosis

Rac1

activates Arp2/3 for nucleation of branching actin in lamellipodia

Cdc42

binds PIP3 and recruits N-WASP, which binds Arp2/3 for nucleation of actin in filopodia

Rho

activates Rho kinase, which causes a contraction of stress fibers

FAK

dissembles focal adhesions when phosphorylated

Par3/6

binds lipid membranes and tight junctions in apical area

Par1

stays near cadherin based junctions and boots Par3/6 to the top

Scribbled

recruited by Par1 and interacts with adherens junctions; boots Crumb to apical region

Crumb

recruited by Par3/6 and booted to the top by Scribbled

Frizzled and disheveled

form a complex that binds to Van Gogh in another cell; inhibited by prickled

Van Gogh

binds frizzled/disheveled complex and recruits prickle

prickle

recruited by Van Gogh and inhibits frizzled

PTEN

binds to PIP2 and converts surrounding PIP3s to PIP2

Condensin

helps condense chromosomes

Cohesin

holds chromosomes together

Ndc80

motor protein that holds microtubules to kinetochores

securin

prevents separase from doing stuff

separase

inactivates cohesin

BAF

connects chromatin to nuclear envelope (helps with building a new nucleus)

RhoA

activates contraction of contractile ring

CDKs

expressed constantly, mostly target transcription factors; only active when bound to cyclins

G1/S cyclin complex

phosphorylates Rb to start the cell cycle

Rb

normally sequesters E2F, but releases it when phosphorylated by G1/S cyclin complex

E2F

once released by Rb, makes cyclins and CDKs needed for the cell cycle

ATM and ATR

check for DNA damage (also inhibits Cdc25 for G2/M checkpoint)

P53

phosphorylated by ATM and ATR if DNA damage is detected; activates p27 when phosphorylated

p27

when activated by phosphorylated p53, inhibits S cyclin/CDK complex (prevents S initiation)

Aurora B

activated at end of G2. builds up and activates Plk1

Plk1

phosphorylates Wee1 (inactivation) and Cdc25 (activation); M cyclin complex is dephosphorylated and activated

Wee1

continually phosphorylates M cyclin complex until inactivated

Cdc25

removes phosphates from M cyclin complex

APC

activated by Cdc20 and degrades securin and cyclins at the end of metaphase

SAC

made of unattached kinetochores and sequesters Cdc20