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What is a producer in ecological terms?
An autotroph that gets energy from nonliving sources like the sun.
What defines a consumer?
A heterotroph that gets energy from living or once-living sources.
What is a detritivore?
A type of consumer that gets energy/nutrients from dead matter.
What type of consumer is a carnivore?
A consumer that gets energy from eating meat.
What characterizes an omnivore?
A consumer that gets energy from eating both meat and vegetation.
What is the process of photosynthesis?
The overall process by which sunlight, water and carbon dioxide are chemically converted into chemical energy stored in glucose.
What are grana in a chloroplast?
Stacks of thylakoid membrane in the chloroplast.
What is the stroma?
The fluid part of the chloroplast.
What role does chlorophyll play in plants?
It is the pigment in the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts that allows plants to capture sunlight.
What are photosystems?
Clusters of chlorophyll and proteins that trap energy from the sun.
What is chemosynthesis?
The process some producers use to make food from chemicals.
What are stomata?
The pores on the underside of a leaf where CO2 enters and O2 and excess water exit.
What causes photorespiration?
When CO2 levels drop and O2 increases, causing oxygen to be added to the Calvin Cycle rather than carbon dioxide.
What is cellular respiration?
The overall process by which glucose is chemically converted into usable chemical energy in the form of ATP.
What is the inner membrane in mitochondria?
The folded membrane within the mitochondria.
What does the matrix refer to in cellular respiration?
The fluid that fills the mitochondria.
What is aerobic respiration?
Respiration that occurs with oxygen.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Respiration that occurs without oxygen.
What is fermentation?
Anaerobic respiration.
What happens during lactic acid fermentation?
Uses pyruvate from glycolysis to make lactic acid and 2 ATP, done by some bacteria and animal cells.
What is the outcome of alcohol fermentation?
Uses pyruvate from glycolysis to make alcohol, carbon dioxide, and 2 ATP, done by yeast.
What are key points of the Krebs cycle?
Uses 2 pyruvates from glycolysis, releases carbon dioxide as waste, makes 2 ATP, some NADH, and FADH2, and occurs in the mitochondrial matrix.
What occurs in the Electron Transport Chain?
Electrons and hydrogens charge up ATP, oxygen is used, water and a lot of ATP are made, and it occurs in the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
How much ATP does aerobic respiration produce?
It produces up to 36-38 ATP.
How much ATP is produced by anaerobic respiration?
It produces a lot less ATP, around 2-4.
What happens during glycolysis?
Glucose is split in half, 2 pyruvates are made, 2 ATP and 2 NADH are also made, and it occurs in the cytoplasm.
What factors affect photosynthesis?
Light intensity, amount of CO2, and temperature.
What is the formula for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2.
What are significant events of the Light Dependent reactions?
Light energy is captured and stored in ATP and NADPH, water is broken apart, oxygen is released as waste, and ATP, NADPH, and H+ move on to the next stage.
Where do Light Dependent reactions occur?
In the grana/thylakoid membrane.
