Medical Interventions 1.1 Quiz

identify medical intervention

any measure whose purpose ios to improve health or alter the course of a disease

identify and describe general information about the case

Sue had contact with Jill, Maria, Marco, and Maggie. Jill already had contact with Maria and Maggie as well but also Wanda. Marco had contact with Alvin. Maria had contact with Anthony and then he had contact with Arnie. Sue, Kill, Maria, and Marco had similar symptoms of fever and feeling run down. Anthony and Arnie both had similar cold-like symptoms. Maggie, Wanda, and Alivin has similar symptoms of throat-related issues.

explain how DNA analysis can identify specific pathogens

It identifies a pathogen by reading their genetic code as all pathogens have their own unique DNA sequence, Scientists then compare the sequence with sequences that are already known. If their is a match, then they know which pathogen is present, the one the sequence was matched to.

first step of DNA sequencing

isolate the DNA: isolate the pathogen’s DNA

second step of DNA sequencing

copy DNA: PCR is used to make millions of copies of DNA and the DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to build new strands

third step of DNA sequencing

cycle sequencing: DNA polymerase builds a complementary strand using the template strand; once a flourescently tagged free nucleotide is added, the chain stops and fragments of different lengths are created

fourth step of DNA sequencing

automatic sequencing w/ gel electrophoresis: separated fragments by size and detects the flourescently tagged nucleotides w/ a laser

fifth step of DNA sequencing

graph analysis: computer shows peaks for each flourescent base, giving the DNA sequence

explain the role of the BLAST site in DNA sequencing

the BLAST site is a bioinformatics, database tool. After sequencing, you enter the DNA sequencing and BLAST compares t to all known sequences. If it finds a match, it tells you the organism or pathogen the DNA belongs to.

explain why knowing the concentration of antigens/antibodies in a sample is useful

it shows how strong an infection of immune respinse is, helpoing w/ diagnosis, tracking disease p[rogress, and checking treatment effectiveness

explain how antibodies work

they are proteins made by the immune system that recognize and attach to specific antigens on pathogens, marking them so other immune cells can destory the invadersi

describe the general process of an ELISA test

first the experimental sample is added into the wells. Then the proteins bind to the walls of the well. Then primary antibodies are added and binds to a specific antigen. then enzyme-linked sedondary antibody (with a colormetric tag) binds to the primary antibody. the substrate finds to the enzyme-linked secondary antibodies. then there is a color change if the antigen being tested is present.

describe the uses of an ELISA test

detecting and quantifying specific substances like antibodies, antigens, proteins, and hormones in a sample. Its uses include diagnosing diseases, performing pregnacy tests, screening for allergens, etc

identify all pathogens involved in the case

nessaria meningitids strain, human gammaherpes virus, streptococcus pyogenes strain, influenze virus B

pathogen

a germ that causes disease

outbreak

a sudden increase in cases of a disease

primers

short pieces of DNA that start DNA copying

bioinformatics

the science of collecting and analyzing complex biological data such as genetic codes

genome

all the DNA in an organism

concentration

how much of a substance is in a solution

solution

a mixture where one substance is dissolved in another

solvent

the liquid that dissolves something

solute

the substance that is dissolved

serial dilution

stepwise dilution of a solution to make it weaker

antibody

protein that binds to antigens to fight infection

antigen

substance that triggers an immune response

ELISA

enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, a test that detects specific antigens or antibodies

enzyme

protein that speeds up chemical reactions

substrate

the substance an enzyme acts on