APUSH 32: American Pageant 17th Edition Chapter 32: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War

London Economic Conference

66-nation meeting held in Summer 1933 which sought to stabilize world currencies, Roosevelt’s withdrawal caused a more severe economic crisis

Tydings-McDuffie Act

1934 law giving the Philippines independence by 1946 after a 12 year period of supervision, relinquishing Army bases on Filipino soil

Good Neighbor Policy

Hoover and Roosevelt’s policy of nonintervention in Latin America

Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act

1934 law allowing the President to negotiate lower tariffs with other countries without Congressional Approval

Rome-Berlin Axis

1936 treaty between Italy and Germany which created an alliance since both nations helped Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War

Tripartie Pact

1940 agreement in which Japan became military and political allies with Italy and Germany

Johnson Debt Default Act

1934 law preventing nations defaulting on debts to the United States from borrowing further from the Federal Government

Neutrality Acts

1935, 1936, and 1937 laws that banned Americans from traveling on belligerent ships, trading arms with belligerents, or loaning money to belligerents of a foreign war, as declared by the president

Abraham Lincoln Brigade

3000 American volunteer soldiers who helped loyalists during the Spanish Civil War

Quarantine Speech

1937 speech given by FDR in Chicago which called for “positive actions” like embargoes against fascist nations to slow aggressors

Appeasement

French and British policy at the 1938 Munich Conference to let Germany take the Czech Sudetenland in hopes of avoiding war, failed when Hitler took the rest of Czechoslovakia

Hitler-Stalin Pact

Agreement signed on 8/23/1939 in which Russia and Germany agreed not to fight each other, allowed Germany to invade Poland nine days later

Neutrality Act

1939 law allowing for the sale of American arms to at-war nations if they were paid for in cash and transported on ships owned by the country of purchase, banning American merchant ships from entering war zones

Dunkirk

French port which the British Army successfully evacuated from in 1940

Havana Conference

1940 delegation of Latin American nations in which the nations took shared responsibility for enforcing Monroe’s Doctrine

Kristallnacht

Anti-semitic riots on 11/9/1938 in which thousands of Jewish businesses and temples were destroyed, “Night of the Broken Glass”

Josef Goebbels

Nazi propaganda master whose sentiments fueled Kristallnacht attacks

MS St. Louis

Passenger ship which carried 973 Jewish refugees from Germany to the Americas, rejected at Havana and Miami, despite sympathy from FDR

Cordell Hull

Secretary of State under FDR who negotiated lower tariffs with other nations and tried to enforce neutrality laws, opposed the entry of Jewish refugees

War Refugee Board

Federal agency created by FDR in 1942 to save Jewish refugees from concentration camps

Battle of Britain

Nazi bombing campaign in Britain, meant to prepare for a ground invasion, known as The Blitz

Committee to Defend America by Aiding the Allies

Pro-Britain propaganda group which advocated for aid to Great Britain as a means of protecting American interest and democracies, appealed to Interventionists and Isolationists

America First Committee

Isolationist group which opposed intervention in Europe, supporting defending American shores to deter Nazi attacks, supported by Charles Lindbergh

1940 Election

FDR defeats Liberal Republican Wendell L. Wilkie, 449-82, and won the popular vote by 5 million

Lend Lease Law

1941 law authorizing the unlimited sale of weapons to countries defending themselves from the Axis, allowed debts to be cancelled for the purchase when weapons were returned

SS Robin Moor

Unarmed American merchant ship which was sunk by a German U-Boat on 5/21/1941 in response to the Land Lease Law, ended era of U-Boats not attacking American ships

Atlantic Conference

Meeting in 1941 between FDR and Winston Churchill off the coast of Newfoundland in which both leaders discussed problems and signed Atlantic Charter

Atlantic Charter

1941 agreement similar to the Fourteen Points which sought self-determination of populations, end to dictatorship, and a new security agreement to enforce peace and disarmament, signed by USA, UK, and USSR

Pearl Harbor

American naval base in Hawaii which was attacked by Japanese planes on 12/7/1941, destroying all 8 destroyers kept there

Burton Wheeler

(R-MT) Senator who was fiercely isolationist until Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, then said the only solution was to “lick the hell out of them”

Adolf Hitler

Nazi German dictator who was fiercely antisemitic, calling for the death of anyone who wasn’t “Aryan”, ordered the invasion of Britain, France, Austria, and Russia

Josef Stalin

Communist dictator of the Soviet Union who allied with Hitler until Germany invaded Russia

Winston Churchill

Prime Minister of the United Kingdom who successfully negotiated for arms from the US, encouraged Britons to hold on and stay fortuitous

Francisco Franco

Leader of fascist rebels in the Spanish Civil War, allied with Hitler and Mussolini, became dictator of Spain

Rhineland

Area in Western Germany which Hitler marched troops into despite being specifically banned by the Treaty of Versailles

Moscow

Capital of the Soviet Union, German offensive to take it was stalled

Berlin

Capital of Nazi Germany

Rome

Capital of Fascist Italy