Sewell: Fathers, Gangs, and Culture

Sewell argues that it is not the absence of…

Father’s as role models that leads to black boys underachieving

Instead, Sewell sees the problem as a lack of ‘_________’ (firm, _____, respectful, __________)

Tough love

Fair

Discipline

This results in black boys finding it hard to overcome the…

Emotional and behavioural difficulties of adolescence

In the absence of the nurturing father's influence, street gangs of other…

Fatherless black boys offer black boys ‘perverse loyalty and love’

These present boys with a media-inspired role model…

Of anti-school black masculinity

Arnot describes as ‘the ultra-tough ghetto superstar’, an image constantly…

Reinforced through rap lyrics and MTV videos

This leaves boys subjected to powerful __________________

Sewell found that black boys who spoke in Standard English and did well at school were seen as having _________________

Anti-educational peer pressure

‘Sold out’ to the white establishment