Pathophysiology: Cellular injury & Adaptation/ Neoplasia/ Inflammatory Response/ Tissue Repair

Cellular Adaptation

cells change in order to adjust to changes in the internal environment (body) is called ___

atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia, metaplasia, dysplasia

what are the 5 ways that cells adapt in cellular adaptation

decreases

atrophy occurs when the cell ___ in size

-Decreased workload

-disuse of the muscle

what is the primary reason atrophy is caused by?

arm in a cast that looses muscle mass and it can be seen by the naked eye

what is an example of atrophy

-number of organelles within the cell

-the oxygen need

what are three things that decrease with atrophy?

atrophy

a decrease in the hormone estrogen in women as they age is an example of what?

size

hypertrophy occurs when there is an increase in cell ___

increased workload

what causes hypertrophy to occur?

-physiologic

-pathologic

-compensatory

what are the 3 types of hypertrophy?

-good for body

-caused by working out

-is reversible

-occurs purposely

what are 4 characteristics of physiologic hypertrophy?

-bad for body

-irreversible adaptation

-ex: heart failure (enlarged heart)

what are 2 characteristics and an example of pathologic hypertrophy?

-organ enlarges to compensate

-ex. someone donating a kidney and the body having to compensate for the loose of kidney

what is compensatory hypertrophy and an example?

NUMBER

hyperplasia occurs when there is an increase in the ___ of cells in an organ or tissue

tissues that replicate

where does hyperplasia occur in?

hypertrophy: cell size increase/ number of cells stays the same

hyperplasia: number of cells increase/ size of cells stays the same

compare and contrast the difference between hypertrophy and hyperplasia

-hormonal

-compensatory

what are the 2 primary types of hyperplasia?

skin cells, a growing fetus, warts

what are some examples of hyperplasia

one adult cell type is replaced by another adult cell type

what is occurring during metaplasia

chronic irritation/ inflammation

what does metaplasia a response to?

reversible- temporary for survival

the cells along the throat of the epithelial wall of a person who smokes will revert back if the person stops smoking

is metaplasia reversible or irreversible?

what is an example?

abnormal cells of a tissue that vary in shape/ size/ apperance

what occurs to the cells during dysplasia?

precursor (before)

dysplasia is NOT cancer, but a ___ to cancer and could indicate a future risk for cancer

intracellular accumulations

___ represent the buildup of substances in the cytoplasm that cells cannot immediately use or eliminate

lipids, carbohydrates, bilirubin

what are 3 examples of intracellular accumulations that occur in normal body substances

-inborn errors of metabolism

-genetic abnormalities

what are 2 examples of intracellular accumulations that occur in abnormal endogenous products?

originates inside of the body

what does endogenous mean?

-tattoos

-coal minors who inhale dust

what are 2 examples of intracellular accumulations that occur in exogenous products?

originates outside of the body

what does exogenous mean?

pathologic calcifications

Abnormal tissue deposition of calcium salts and other substances (ex. minerals) in either normal tissues or damaged tissues

occurs in blood vessels affected by atherosclerosis (tissue damage) or increase in serum calcium levels (no tissue damage

what is an example of pathologic calcification

-intensity and duration

-cell type

extent of injury depends on ____ of injury and the ___

-irreversible

-cell death

cell injury is reversible only to a certain point then result in ___ damage and ___

-physical agents

-radiation agents

-chemical agents

-biologic agents

-nutritional imbalances

-oxygen deprivation

what are the 6 causes of cell injury?

-mechanical forces

-extremes of temperature

-electrical injury

what are the 3 types of physical agent that cause cell injury?

mechanical forces

___ is a physical agents that cause cell injury when objects come into contact resulting in fractures, lasceration, and rupture of blood cells.

worse

extremes of temperature is a physical agent and if the temperature increase, in ___ the injury will be

-dilate

-metabolic rate

extremes of heat temperature causes cells to ___. this also causes cells to increase their ___

-constrict

-oxygen

extremes of cold temperature causes blood vessels to ___ and impair ___ delivery to the cells

electrical injury

___ is a physical agent that can disrupt the muscles and interrupt normal cardiac patterns

-tanning beds

-the sun

what are 2 examples of radiation agents that can cause cell injury?

-household cleaners

-pesticides

-drugs

what are 3 examples of chemical agents that can cause cell injury?

viruses and bacteria

what are 2 examples of biological agents that can cause cell injury?

-vitamin/ mineral deficiencies

-obesity

-malnutrition

what are 3 examples of nutritional imbalances that can cause cell injury?

oxygen deprivation

___ is a fundamental substance to cells that can cause cell injury

1. free radical injury

2. hypoxic cell injury

3. impaired calcium homeostasis

what are 3 primary mechanisms of cell injury

free radical injury

oxygen

___ is a type of injury whereby cells are injured by free radicals, particularly reactive ___ species (ROS)

unpaired

atoms are stable if they have a complete (2) number of electrons orbiting around the atom; free radical is an atom or group of atoms that are ___; ___ atoms are unstable and will try to gain electrons to complete their outer shell or share by bonding with another atom- this may lead to a chain reaction that creates more free radicals

membranes

free radicals may cause cellular injury by damaging cellular ___

-normal metabolism

-immune response

-cellular respiration

-environmental hazards

free radicals may form what 4 things?

anoxia

without oxygen

hypoxemia

decreased amount of oxygen in the blood

infarction

___: DEATH as a result of impaired oxygen delivery

ischemia

___: INJURY as a result of diminished/ occluded oxygen delivery

hypoxic

___ is the single most common cause of cellular injury

decrease in oxygen

what is hypoxia caused by?

anaerobic

hypoxia cell injury occurs when there is little to no oxygen supply. cells will attempt to survive by changing from aerobic metabolism to ___ metabolism

lactic acid

what by product is produced by hypoxia

ATP

there is a depletion of ___ during hypoxia

-NA/K pump

-Na+ and H2O

-K+

hypoxia causes an ineffective ___. this causes ___ to seep into the cell causing it to swell. ___ seeps out of the cell. the swelling of the cell causes the cell to burst and die

varies depending on cell type

how long doe sit take for a cell to die if hypoxia occurs?

-anemia

-decreases in atmospheric air

-extreme swelling

-hypermetabolic state

-impaired arterial blood flow/ ischemia

-respiratory diseases

what are 6 example of diseases states/ conditions that lead to decreases in oxygen

Impaired Calcium Homeostasis

increased cellular calcium (Ca+) causes the release of damaging enzymes within the cells which is called ___

ischemia and toxins

what is impaired calcium homeostasis typically caused by?

-cellular swelling

-fatty change

what are 2 reversible cell injuries?

cellular swelling

___ is a reversible cellular injury that is secondary to anaerobic metabolism and impaired Na/ K pump (hypoxia)

fatty change

___ is a reversible cell injury that occurs when intracellular accumulation of fat vacuoles are dispersed throughout the cytoplasm of the cell

-normal cells are invaded with fat

-cell injury prevents efficient metabolism of fatty molecules

what are 2 ways fatty change of a cell can occur?

liver cells

what cells are most susceptible to fatty change?

-production

-death

cellular life is regulated by equilibrium between cell ___ and cell ___

Apoptosis

___ is a controlled means of cell destruction

cell suicide

apoptosis is called called ___

-some

-ex. red blood cells, white blood cells

apoptosis is only seen in ___ cells

name 2 examples?

necrosis

___ is cell death in an organ or tissue thta is still part of a living person

regulated or controlled

necrosis is neither ___ or ___ and by products of cells are released into the body

gangrene

___ occurs when a large amount of tissue experience necrosis and result in visible changes to the tissue; dead tissue that is either moist or dry

-dry

-wet

-gas

what are the 3 types of Gangrene?

arterial blood flow

dry gangrene usually results due to what?

dark brown/ black color

what is the color of the skin that is experiencing dry gangrene?

drys, shrinks, skin wrinkles

what occurs to the skin that is experiencing dry gangrene?

demarcation

with dry gangrene there is a line of ___ that separates the dead tissue from the living

slow

does dry gangrene spread fast or slow?

painless

dry gangrene is typically confined to extremities and is usually ___ where there are dead nerve endings (does not mean patient doesnt feel pain)

interference with venous return

why does wet gangrene usually occur?

-bacterial invasion

-foul odor

-spread rapidly

-moist, black/ tan/ yellow color

-no line of demarcation

what are 5 characteristics of wet gangrene

systemic (involves entire body)

there is ___ involvement with wet gangrene

infected

wet gangrene is more likely to be ___

clostridium bacteria (anaerobic bacteria found in soil)

gas gangrene is a type of gangrene that is caused by an infection with ___

fatal

gas gangrene is not as common but it is serious and potentially ___

Above Knee Amputation (AKA)

what does AKA mean?

neoplasia's

cancers arise from alterations in cell differentiation and cell growth that result in tissues called ___

uncoordinated, haphazard, and unregulated

neoplasia growth has what 3 characteristics?

-the cell cycle

-cell proliferation

-cell differentation

what are the 3 concepts of cell growth?

-divide and multiply

-replaces cells with a limited life span

what is occurring during cell proliferation?

programmed ability for a cell to be specialized to a certain tissue type

what is occurring during cell differentiation?

tumor

___ is a mass of cells

Benign tumor/neoplasm

___ is grouping/ cluster of well differentiated cells

malignant tumor/ neoplasm

___ is grouping/ cluster of poorly differentiated cells

oncology

___ is the study of tumors/ neoplasms and their treatment

primary tumor

___ is the site of origin of tumor