Fallacy Definitions

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he said like in 2 ish weeks (9/2-9/11) estimate

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29 Terms

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3 Main Parts of an Argument (Toulmin)

Claim, Grounds, Warrants

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3 Forms of Appeals

Logos (logic), Ethos (ethical), pathos (emotional).

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Syllogism

A logical form of reasoning with a major premise, a minor premise, and a conclusion.

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Deductive Reasoning

analysis the moves from the general to the particular

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Inductive Reasoning

(scientific) goes from the particular to the general

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Grounds

the basis or justification of a claim

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Non sequitor

it does not follow

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Appeal to Authority

authority does not equal evidence

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Appeal to Celebrity

form of appeal to authority where celebrity is substituted for evidence

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Argumentum ad Hominem

personal attack (to or towards the man)

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Begging the Question

the conclusion occurs within the premise. Essentially, the conclusion is contained in some way within the argument.

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Red Herring

a diversionary argument

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The Bandwagon Fallacy

“everyone is doing it” – implying that you should do it to.

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Poisoning the Well

Trying to discredit an opponent before his argument is even considered

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Slippery Slope

the first step will inevitably lead to disaster. An argument that proceeds from A to Z skipping every possible step in between.

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False Analogy

An argument of comparison asserting that A equals B when there are significant or relevant differences.

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Argumentum ad Misiercordum

appeal to misery. An emotional appeal based on need.

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Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc

A cause and effect fallacy where there is an error in reasoning between an event and its cause

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Hasty Generalization

stereotyping. Judgment of a person or group based on a small survey group.

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Argument from Ignorance

using what we DO NOT KNOW - or cannot know- as evidence.

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False Dichotomy

A fallacy of either/or reasoning. Offering two choices where there are, in fact, other options.

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Equivocation

A fallacy of Ambiguity. Giving utterance to two different meanings at the same time.

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Many Questions

“loaded question” that contains a false or disputed premise within its claim.

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Straw Man Fallacy

ascribing a position to an opponent that he does not hold and then defeating that position giving the illusion of having defeated the opponent,

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Oversimplification

taking a complex issue or argument and watering it down ignoring important and relevant subtleties.

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Argumentum ad Nazium

criticizing a person or groups position by comparing them to Hitler or the Nazi Party.

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Logical Fallacy

a common error in reasoning.

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Reductio ad Absurdam

a reduction to an absurdity; refuting a proposition by demonstrating the inevitably absurd conclusion to which it logically leads.

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Appeal to Fear

an emotional appeal where fear is used to motivate action