Ketones and aldehydes Reactions

Oxidation of primary alcohols (weak oxidizing agents)

PCC or 1) DMSO, (COCl)2 2) NEt3

aldehyde

Oxidation of primary alcohols (strong oxidizing agents)

KMnO4 or H2CrO4 or CrO3/ H2SO4

carboxylic acid

Oxidation of secondary alcohols (weak or strong oxidizing agents)

ketone

Reduction of Ketone

1)NaBH4 or LiALH4 2) H3O+

secondary alcohol

Reduction of aldehyde

1)NaBH4 or LiALH4 2) H3O+

primary alcohol

Reduction of ester or carboxylic acid

1) LiALH4

Clemmensen reduction

Zn(HG), HCL

ketone to alkane

Wolf-Kishner reduction

H2NNH2

KOH/heat

ketone to alkane

aldehyde/ ketone

(reacted with alcohol in basic conditions)

hemi-acetal or hemi-ketal

aldehyde/ ketone

(reacted with alcohol in acidic conditions)

acetal or ketal

acetal or ketal

(H3O+)

aldehyde or ketone

aldehyde or ketone
+ primary amine (R-NH2)

imine

aldehyde or ketone + secondary amine (R2-NH)

enamine

alkyl halide + aprotic solvent

1) Mg or Li 2) THF or ET2)

Grignard reagent or Organolithium reagents

alkyl halide + 1) PPh3 2) n-BuLi

Wittig Reagent

witting reagent + aldehyde/ketone

Witting Reaction