AP Psych - 4.2 Terms MATCH Game Review

Attitude

on a range of negative to positive, a relatively enduring feeling on a person, people, or idea

ex//

positive attitude: enjoying reading books

negative attitude: disliking public speaking

Stereotype

a generalized belief/assumption or perception of a person based on their race, gender, social status, age, etc.

ex// "all teenagers are reckless drivers"

Social Identity Theory

idea that a person get their sense of identity from the groups they belong to

ex// feel a sense of connection with others of the same ethnicity

Cognitive Load

(we are "cognitive misers")

the # of working memory in use can affect the use of stereotyping (high cognitive load = limit the ability to process info. & solve problems)

ex// trying to solve a difficult math problem while listening to a loud conversation increases cognitive load

Prejudice

without meeting a person (no evidence) having a negative viewpoint based on their grouping

ex// when someone says that women should be kept in the home

Discrimination

an act, policy, or system that maintains or creates an advantage for one group over another

ex// not hiring someone because of their gender, despite their qualifications

Implicit Attitudes

a relatively enduring and general evaluative response of which a person has little or no conscious awareness.

ex// you might unconsciously feel more comfortable interacting with people from your own culture, even if you consciously believe in equality

Just-World Phenomenon

"people get what they deserve"

ex// believing that someone who loses their job must have been lazy or incompetent, rather than considering external factors

Outgroup

anyone who does not belong to your group

ex// if you're part of a soccer team, fans of a rival team are considered your outgroup

Out-Group Homogeneity Bias

the tendency to perceive members of an outgroup as being more similar to each other than they actually are

ex// thinking all people from a different country share the same characteristics, even though individuals in that group have diverse backgrounds

Ingroup

a social group to which an individual belongs and identifies with, often leading to favoring its members

ex// the ramily @ westmoor

In-Group Bias

the tendency to favor and prioritize members of one's own ingroup over those in an outgroup

ex// the ramily treating each other better than the wolverines

Ethnocentrism

the belief that one's own culture or ethnic group is superior to others, often leading to viewing other cultures from the perspective of one's own

ex// believing that the way the people eat in one's own culture is the "correct" way, while viewing other cultural practices aa strange

Scapegoat Theory

blaming others for your problems

ex// during a recession, people might blame immigrants for taking jobs, even though the economy is the real cause of the job loss

Other-Race Effect

the tendency to recognize faces of one's own race more accurately than faces of other races

ex// a chinese immigrant can recognize chinese faces better than latino faces

Belief Perseverance

tendency to stick to our initial beliefs even when evidence contradicts them

ex// a person who believes in conspiracy theory continues to believe it despite contradictory evidence

Confirmation Bias

a tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions

ex// googling "new moon elongating NREM 3 sleep" and finding articles that support your suspicion

Cognitive Dissonance

unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts or beliefs

ex// the stress stemming from the knowledge that smoking will kill you and still not quitting