Human Body Systems: Urinary, Digestive, and Reproductive

Urine flows

Kidney → Ureter → Urinary Bladder → Urethra

Cortical

mostly in cortex

Juxtamedullary

long loops for concentrating urine

Blood Flow

Renal artery → segmental → interlobar → arcuate → cortical radiate (interlobular) → afferent arteriole → glomerulus → efferent arteriole → peritubular capillaries/vasa recta → venules → renal vein

Filtration

(Glomerulus) - movements of plasma to nephron (no proteins)

Reabsorption

(PCT, loop, DCT) - return of useful solutes to blood

Secretion

(DCT, collecting duct) - active transport into tubule

Concentration

(Loop of Henle, CD) - water reabsorbed to concentrate urine

Urine pathway

Glomerulus → PCT → loop → DCT → collecting duct → papilla → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder → urethra

Glomerular Filtration Rate

Normal ~125 mL/min

↑GFR

high pressure, possibly damage

↓GFR

poor perfusion/kidney failure

RAAS system

↓BP → Renin from JGA, Renin converts angiotensinogen → angiotensin I ACE converts → angiotensin II → vasoconstriction + aldosterone

Aldosterone

↑Na⁺ and H₂O reabsorption

ADH

(posterior pituitary): water retention

ANP

blocks aldosterone/ADH

High Glucose

Diabetes

High Protein

Kidney damage

High Leukocytes

Infection

High Blood

Trauma, kidney stones

High/Low pH

Diet, infection

High Specific Gravity

Dehydration

Dark color

Dehydration, blood, diet

Alimentary canal

mouth → anus

Accessory

salivary glands, liver, pancreas, gallbladder

Pathway of Food

Mouth → Pharynx → Esophagus → Stomach → Small Intestine → Large Intestine → Rectum → Anus

Carbs

(Amylase) - Simple sugars

Protein

(Pepsin, Trypsin) - Amino acids

Lipids

(Lipase + Bile) - Fatty acids/glycerol

Nucleic acids

(Nucleases) - Nucleotides

Bile

(liver/gallbladder): emulsifies fat

Gastrin

stimulates acid production

Bicarbonate

neutralizes acid (pancreas)

Stratified Squamous

Oral cavity, esophagus, anus (Protection)

Simple Columnar

Stomach to rectum (Absorption/secretion)

Goblet cells

Mucus

Chief cells

Pepsinogen

Parietal cells

HCI + intrinsic factor

G cells

Gastrin

Acinar cells

Pancreatic enzymes

Gametogenesis

Formation of gametes (egg/sperm)

Spermatogenesis

Sperm production in testes

Oogenesis

Egg formation in ovaries

Gametes

Haploid sex cells (n = 23)

Diploid/Haploid

2n = 46 / n = 23

Sperm Pathway

Testes → Epididymis → Vas deferens → Ejaculatory duct → Urethra (prostatic → membranous → penile)

Egg Pathway

Ovary → Fimbriae → Fallopian tube (infundibulum → ampulla → isthmus) → Uterus

FSH

Stimulates gamete production

LH

Triggers ovulation & testosterone

Estrogen

Growth of endometrium

Progesterone

Maintains endometrium

renal capsule

renal cortex

renal pyramids

renal medulla

minor calyx

major calyx

renal pelvis

glomerulus

blood enters afferent and leaves efferent

Bowman's capsule

proximal convuluted tubule (PCT)

Loop of Henle (nephron loop)

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

collecting duct

afferent arteriole

enters

efferent arteriole

leaves

peritubular capillaries

renal hilum

renal papilla

renal artery

renal vein

vasa recta

adrenal gland

kidneys (cat)

ureters (cat)

bladder (cat)

Urethra (cat)

esophagus (cat)

liver (cat)

gallbladder cat

stomach cat

small intestine cat

large intestine cat

pancreas (cat)

ovaries (cat)

Uterine Horns (cat)

uterus (cat)

tongue

hard palate

soft palate

lower esophageal sphincter

Cadia of stomach

fundus

body of the stomach

greater curvature

lesser curvature

pylorus

pylorus sphincter

rugea

common hepatic duct