AP Psychology Unit 11: Social Development & Social Dynamics, Deviances & Normalcy

Harrow Harlow

socialization experiments with Rhesus Monkeys

- social isolation

- social attachment

Social Isolation Experiment

test group: infant monkeys raised in isolation with no maternal (parental) contact & no interaction with other monkeys

- control A: infant monkeys raised with mother

- control B: infant monkeys raised in peer groups (5-7) with no maternal contact

social isolation experiment (A)

after 5 years of being in isolation, monkeys of various groups were paired together in a nuetral cage

(1 T, !CA; 1T, 1CB)

social isloation experiment (A) result

isolated monkeys displayed exterme anxiety & depression when interacting with other monkeys

social isolation experiment (B)

1 monkey raised in isolation was placed in the cage of the monkeys raised as a group (control B)

social isolation experiment B results

control b monkeys displayed physical agression, attacked & killed it

social attachment experiment

Baby monkeys were raised in an environment with a choice of 2 surrogate mothers (a robot with food, a robot with fabric but with no food)

social attachment experiment results

the monkeys perferred the "cloth" mother over the one who provided food

Mary Anisworth

(strange situation paradigm)

- used to evaluate *secure attachment & separation anxiety (8+ months)

Lev Vygotsky

cultural mediation

- congitive development can only occur with social development = language

the psychology of play

- childhood peer interactions

the psychology & play

childhood peer interactions set the foundation for adult socialization

Carol GIllian

women femininist in the "women's liberation movement"

- crtical of kohlberg's male-only perspective of social devlopment

- men think in terms in rules and justice, women think in terms of human relations, compassion, and emotion

social faciliation

the tendency for people to perform differently when in the presence of others than when alone

- task-orientation behaviors

- performance increases when being observed

chameleon effect

Natural (unconscious) tendency to imitate other peoples speech, inflections & physical movements

chameleon effact examples

- nonverbal gestures

- mood/energy level of a crowd

- yawning

- laughter

Bibb Latane

- social psychologist

- worked with John Darley

- social loafing

- diffusion of civic responsibility

social loafing

- tendency for individual effort to decline as group size increases

- personal accountability decreases

diffusion of responsibility

the tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

Cultural values

a collective set of beliefs about what is important, useful, and desirable

*relative to cultural standards

cultural norms

behavioral consistencies that are accepted by a population & occur regulary

*relative to cultural standards

normative social influence

individual behaviors influences by the norms of the society (social appropiateness)

- behaviors are intended to gain acceptance & approval

informational social influence

individual behaviors influence by data, statstics. etc, that are percevied as credible

Reciprocity

- social norm/obligation to repay favors & guilt

- common sales tactics are to convince deceive people they are getting a bargain

social deviancy

-violations of social norms & values

-socially unacceptable & statistically abnormal

sex vs. gender

Sex is biological, gender is social

gender roles

Expectations about what is appropriate behavior for each sex.

gender bending

a person who dresses and behaves in a way characteristic of the opposite sex.

Androgyny

state of being simultaneously very masculine and very feminine

social dynamics

the study of social change

in-group bias

perceptual tendency to identify characteristics & triats of others that are shared in common with you

in-group bias example

group polarization

enhancement of personal attitudes resulting from assimilating among other people

group polarization example

group think

form of natural conflict resolution

group think example