college biology final

Prokaryotic

Cell without a nucleus; bacteria

Eukaryotic

Cell with a nucleus; plants, animals, fungi, protists

Unicellular

Organism made of one cell

Multicellular

Organism made of many cells

Cell membrane

Controls what enters and leaves the cell

Cell wall

Rigid structure that supports and protects the cell

Cytoplasm

Jelly-like substance where cell processes occur

Vacuole

Stores water, food, and waste

Nucleus

Contains DNA and controls cell activities

Ribosome

Site of protein synthesis

Lysosome

Breaks down waste and old cell parts

Chloroplast

Organelle where photosynthesis occurs

Mitochondria

Organelle where cellular respiration produces ATP

Alleles

Different forms of the same gene

Dominant allele

Allele that masks another allele

Recessive allele

Allele that is masked by a dominant allele

Homozygous

Having two identical alleles

Heterozygous

Having two different alleles

Monohybrid cross

Cross involving one trait

Dihybrid cross

Cross involving two traits

Genotype

Genetic makeup of an organism

Phenotype

Physical expression of a trait

Genotypic ratio

Ratio of genotypes in offspring

Phenotypic ratio

Ratio of phenotypes in offspring

Producer

Organism that makes its own food

Primary consumer

Organism that eats producers

Secondary consumer

Organism that eats primary consumers

Tertiary consumer

Top-level consumer in a food chain

Energy flow

Movement of energy through an ecosystem

10 percent rule

Only about 10 percent of energy transfers to the next trophic level

Competition

Organisms competing for limited resources

Predation

Interaction where one organism eats another

Mutualism

Symbiotic relationship where both benefit

Commensalism

Symbiotic relationship where one benefits and the other is unaffected

Parasitism

Symbiotic relationship where one benefits and the other is harmed

Batesian mimicry

Harmless species mimics a harmful one

Mullerian mimicry

Two harmful species mimic each other

Virus living status

Viruses are not living because they cannot reproduce on their own

Why study viruses

They cause disease and help us understand biology and medicine

Capsid

Protein coat of a virus

Viral envelope

Outer membrane found in some viruses

Lytic cycle

Viral replication cycle that destroys the host cell

Lysogenic cycle

Viral DNA integrates into host DNA without killing the cell

Bacteriophage

Virus that infects bacteria

Prokaryotic cells

Cells without a nucleus

Eukaryotic cells

Cells with a nucleus

Bacteria domain

Common bacteria including pathogens

Archaea domain

Bacteria-like organisms living in extreme environments

Cocci

Round-shaped bacteria

Bacilli

Rod-shaped bacteria

Spirilla

Spiral-shaped bacteria

Conjugation

Transfer of genetic material between bacteria

Gram-positive bacteria

Purple stain and thick peptidoglycan cell wall

Gram-negative bacteria

Pink stain and thin peptidoglycan cell wall

Endospore

Dormant structure that helps bacteria survive harsh conditions

Pathogen

Organism that causes disease

Antibiotic

Drug used to kill bacteria

Vaccine

Substance that stimulates immunity

Emerging disease

Disease that is newly appearing or increasing

Protist characteristics

Eukaryotic organisms mostly found in aquatic environments

Animal-like protists

Protists that ingest food

Plant-like protists

Photosynthetic protists

Fungus-like protists

Protists that absorb nutrients

Autotrophic

Makes its own food

Heterotrophic

Obtains food by consuming others

Amoeba

Protist that moves using pseudopods

Sporozoan

Parasitic protist that forms spores

Ciliate

Protist that moves using cilia

Euglenoid

Protist with plant and animal characteristics

Diatom

Photosynthetic protist with silica cell walls

Slime mold

Fungus-like protist that decomposes material

Malaria

Disease caused by a protist transmitted by mosquitoes

Cryptosporidiosis

Disease caused by waterborne protists

Giardiasis

Intestinal disease caused by Giardia

Chagas disease

Disease caused by a parasitic protist

Agar

Substance from protists used in labs

Diatomaceous earth

Material from diatoms used in products

Protists and oxygen

Protists produce large amounts of Earth’s oxygen

Algal blooms

Rapid growth of algae that can harm ecosystems