Philosophy notes

Monistic Ethical Theories

Theories that propose a single correct way to lead a moral life, including Virtue Ethics, Utilitarian Ethics, and Deontological Ethics.

Virtue Ethics

An ethical theory that emphasizes the importance of developing good character traits.

Utilitarian Ethics

An ethical theory that advocates for maximizing good actions, where 'good' is often defined as happiness.

Deontological Ethics

An ethical theory based on the duty and rights of individuals, emphasizing autonomy.

Divine Command Theory

An ethical viewpoint that defines right action based on obedience to a divine being.

Cultural Relativism

The idea that ethical truth is determined by the norms and standards of different cultures.

Moral Monism

The belief that only one way of life is truly human and worthwhile to pursue.

Five Tenets of Moral Monism

Principles that include the uniformity of human nature and the idea that acting according to this nature constitutes a good life.

Theoretical Intellect

A concept in Greek Monism referring to the human ability to understand the world.

Natural Reason

The concept in Christian Monism that suggests the highest way of life is achieved through faith rather than reason alone.

Social Contract

An agreement between individuals where they exchange some autonomy for the benefits of living in a civil society.

John Locke

Philosopher who further developed the social contract idea, asserting inherent rights granted by God.

J.S. Mills

Philosopher who argued for the development of higher human faculties while embracing diversity in lifestyles.

Liberalism

A political theory emphasizing individual rights, equality, and freedom from interference.

Communitarianism

A political theory that emphasizes the collective values and goals of communities over individual autonomy.

Culture

The accumulated knowledge, beliefs, values, and practices of a group of people over generations.

Ethnicity

Classification of people based on features and relationships maintained through cultural boundaries.

Nationalism

Political ideology that seeks to align political boundaries with cultural boundaries.

Kymlicka

Philosopher known for discussing the incorporation of minority rights within liberal societies.

Rawls' Theory of Justice

A political philosophy proposing fairness as the fundamental principle of justice, relying on a hypothetical social contract.

Veil of Ignorance

A thought experiment in Rawls' Theory where individuals make principles of justice without knowledge of their personal circumstances.