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Practice variability
The variety of movement and context characteristics a person experiences while practicing a skill or many skills
Blocked practice
Practice schedule where one skill is practiced repeatedly before moving on to practice another skill repeatedly. In order
Random practice
where two or more skills are practiced in random order
Blocked example
Pass 30 times Wrist shot 30 times Backhand shot 30 times
Random example
Pass, backhand shot, wrist shot, backhand shot, wrist shot, pass, wrist shot, pass, backhand shot, pass, wrist shot, backhand shot, wrist shot
Contextual interference effect
Interference that results from switching from one skill to another
Blocked practice =
Low interference
Random practice =
High interference
The best way to teach someone
Random practice
Shea experience and baseball experiment
High contextual interference effects
Blocked practice is best for
Immediate performance gains
Baseball experiment college level players proved that
random practice is beneficial for experienced athletes
hypothesis on why random practice works best
compare and contrast analyses, meaningfulness = greater memory
Forgetting and reconstruction hypothesis
short term forgetting promotes learning
Specificity of practice hypotheses
View that motor skill learning influenced by practice condition characteristics
Serial practice
A mix or random and blocked
Constant practice means
to practice under the same conditions or same skill repeatedly
Variable practice means
to continuously change the practice conditions or variation of the skill being learned
Runaway of lights experiment
Variable practice appears to increase the “generalizability” of a task
Benefits of Practice Variability
Increases capacity to perform the skill in a future test situation
Performers who experience more variability can be better at skill learning than those with
less variability
Irony of Practice Variability
Practice variability will produce more performance errors in practice during initial learning
Implementing Practice Variability
Classify the skill according to degree of being closed or open and Use the test conditions to determine what the practice should be like