Chapter 24: Chemistry of Nonmetals

Silicates

________: covalent atomic solids containing ________, oxygen, and various metal atoms.

Silicates

covalent atomic solids containing silicon, oxygen, and various metal atoms

Quartz

SiO2 and generally called silica

Aluminosilicates

family of compounds where aluminum atoms substitute for silicon atoms in lattice sites of silica structure

Mineral

homogenous, crystalline, naturally occurring substance in the earth's crust

Orthosilicate

when a tetrahedron occurs singly to form a polyatomic ion (SiO4) with 4 extra electrons to satisfy the octet rule

Pyrosilicates

silicate tetrahedrons where two tetrahedrons share one corner, forming the disilicate ion Si2O7 6-

Pyroxene/insilicates

many tetrahedrons bond together creating chains

Boranes

compounds composed of born and oxygen to form cluster/cage like structure (also used as catalyst)

Closo-boranes

BnHn 2- form fully closed polyhedrons with triangular sides

Nido-boranes

BnHn+4 neutral borane nest missing one corner

Arachno-boranes

BnHn+6 neutral borane nest missing 2 or 3 corners

Coal

naturally occurring noncrystalline carbon as a result of carbonization

Carbonization

process that removes most H and O from original organic compounds composing a plant

Coke

coal heated without air to form a substance mostly carbon and ash

Charcoal

wood heated without air, contains lots of free carbon

Activated Carbon

very fine carbon particles with high surface areas (efficient at absorbing other molecules to its surface)

Soot

amorphous form of carbon formed during incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons

Carbon Black

fine, powder form of carbon found in soot

Carbides

binary compounds composed of carbon combined with less electronegative atoms

Ionic Carbides

carbon and low electronegativity metal such as alkali or alkaline earth metals

Acetylide Ion

C2 2- in ionic compounds

Covalent Carbides

compounds composed of carbon and low electronegativity nonmetals or metalloids

Metallic Carbides

compounds composed of carbon and metals with a metallic lattice with holes small enough to fit carbon; stronger, harder, less malleable, more electrically conductive than plain metals

Carbon Oxides

2 stable oxides CO and CO2

Washing Soda

hydrated crystal of sodium carbonate--carbonate ionizes water to make it fizzy

White Phosphorous

highly toxic, white, waxy, flammable

Red Phosphorous

when white P is heated to 300 celsius so that one of the bonds between 2 P atoms is broken; not as reactive/toxic, but still flammable

Black Phosphorous

heating white P under pressure, not stable, and least reactive

Ammonia

most common Nitrogen hydride--N's lowest oxidation state (-3)

Haber-Bosch Process

main industrial practice for making ammonia and fixing nitrogen

Hydrazine

nitrogen and hydrogen compound N2H4 where N has a negative oxidation state and is the reducing agent

Hydrogen Azide

HN3 N and H compound with the highest N to H ratio

Phosophine

PH3 colorless poisonous gas

Interhalogen compounds/interhalides

covalent compounds of two different halogens