APUSH Unit 5 Key Terms

Missouri Compromise

• compromise in 1820 suggested by Henry Clay

• stipulated that Maine (free) and Missouri (slave) will come into the Union at the same time

• all Louisiana territory above the 36 30’ line after Missouri will be free

• delayed the imminent civil war by 40 years

• effective at keeping peace, but did not address the issue of the institution of slavery

Paternalism

• the idea that the masters took care and fed their slaves

• Southerns used this to justify the institution of slavery

• supporting hierarchy

Wage slavery

• “slavery” in the North

• get paid little for labor, bad conditions

Mexican American War

• war 1846-1848

• Mexico-owned Texas territory becomes predominantly American; wants to join the Union

• Mexico and U.S. wage war

• unfair war, many northerners against it (e.g. transcendentalists)

• U.S. wins; Texas wants to join Union

Compromise of 1850

• California added as a free state

• Abolished slave trade in Washington D.C.

• Fugitive Slave Act

• popular sovereignty in Utah and New Mexico permitted slavery

• although heavily favored the North, they were outraged because of the unfair and immoral Fugitive Slave Act

• Compromise fails, doesn’t not keep peace

Fugitive Slave Act

• escaped slaves in the North must be returned to their owners

• accused fugitives cannot defend themselves in court

• part of the Compromise of 1850

• outraged the North, incredibly unfair law, converted many Northerners to abolitionists

• reason why the Compromise of 1850 fails

Harriet Beecher Stowe

• author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• abolitionist

• daughter of Lyman Beecher, the Second Great Awakening priest

Uncle Tom’s Cabin

• Abolitionist novel by Harriet Beecher Stowe in 1852

• pivotal to changing Northerners and Europeans’ opinion of slavery

• turns slavery from a political issue to a moral one

Manifest Destiny

• idea in America during the early 1800s that they were given the divine right to settle the entire continent

• expansionist

• fueled North (free) vs South (slave) debate

Popular Sovereignty

• the idea that the people/population should decide whether they are a free or slave state

• used in the Compromise of 1850 (Utah and New Mexico) and Kansas Nebraska Act

Radical abolitionism

• the stance that there is the need of immediate emancipation of slaves, no compensation

• religious/moral argument connected to Second Great Awakening

• gains momentum in UK in 1830s because of Wilberforce

• sometimes, violent action: David Walker, John Brown

William Lloyd Garrison

• Founded The Liberator (abolitionist newspaper) in 1831

• American Antislavery Society

Frederick Douglass

• Abolitionist, escaped slavery when young adult

• great writer and orator

• disproved the idea that African Americans are not intellectually up to par to whites

Moderate abolitionism

• the stance that there should be gradual emancipation, compensation for slave owners

• possibly wanted relocation of slaves to an American Colonization Society (Liberia or Haiti)

American Colonization Society

• wanting to relocate slaves to Liberia or Haiti

• supported by Moderate Abolitionists

• impractical and too expensive

Cotton diplomacy

• a Confederate economic strategy European support

• will stop cotton trade in order to force Europe to side with them

Kansas Nebraska Act

• 1854 law that repealed the Missouri Compromise of 1820 and established popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska

• popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska

• many northerners and southerners flood the territory in order to support free/slave

• Many bloody conflicts arose: “Bleeding Kansas”

Stephen Douglas

• candidate for election of 1860 (against Lincoln)

• supported popular sovereignty and slavery

• proposed the Kansas Nebraska Act 1854

• split the Democratic Party in half, allowing Lincoln to take the election

Republican Party

• party created in 1850s against slavery

• made up of Whigs, anti-slavery democrats, free soilers, and abolitionists

• Lincoln ran as president in this party

Nativism

• xenophobia, hatred against immigrants

• foundation of the American Party

John Brown

• radical abolitionist that used violence

• the Harpers Ferry Raid in Virginia where he acquired a lot of gunpowder and weapons

• was caught, executed by hanging

Emancipation Proclamation

• 1863 during the height of the American Civil war, Abraham Lincoln declared slavery abolished in the confederate states

• political move to get European support

• slave states that stayed in the union did not have slavery abolished

Presidential Reconstruction

• the period from 1865–1867 when President Andrew Johnson implemented a plan to reunite the United States after the Civil War

• Abraham Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan: Lincoln's plan proposed that states could rejoin the Union if 10% of their 1860 voters swore an oath of allegiance to the Union

• Andrew Johnson’s plan: pardon to all Southern whites, even confederate leaders, gave them back their property

Radical Reconstruction

• a period of time (1867-1877) after the Civil War when the Radical Republicans in Congress passed policies to reintegrate the former Confederate states into the Union

• 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments supported more racial equality

• disenfranchised Confederates

Thaddeus Stevens

• supporter of the Radical Reconstruction

• radical republican politician

• argued that the Confederates were revolutionaries to be crushed by force

13th, 14th, 15th Amendments

• also known as the Reconstruction Amendments (1865-1870)

• passed after the Civil War to grant rights and protections to African Americans

• 13th: abolished slavery and involuntary servitude

• 14th: granted citizenship to all people born in the United States and established equal protection under the law

• 15th: this amendment prohibited the denial of voting rights based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude

Andrew Johnson

• president after Lincoln, 1865-1869

• reconstruction era, very lenient to southerners and past Confederates

• pardoned confederates

• old-fashioned southern Jacksonian Democrat of pronounced states' rights views

Wade Davis Bill

• a Reconstruction plan proposed by Radical Republicans

• wanted a majority of white males in each state to take an "Ironclad Oath" swearing they had never supported the Confederacy before allowing them to participate in forming new state governments

Freedman’s Bureau

• a federal agency that provided assistance to formerly enslaved people and impoverished whites in the years following the Civil War

Reconstruction Acts of 1867

• a series of laws that outlined the process for readmitting the former Confederate states to the Union after the Civil War

• all states must ratify the new amendments

• confederate states must write a new constitution allowing Black men to vote

President Grant

• Civil War Union general; war hero

• president 1869-1877

• not a great president, not educated in political and economic matters

Compromise of 1877

• known as the Wormley Agreement, or corrupt bargain

• an informal, unwritten deal that settled the disputed 1876 U.S. Presidential election

• Republican Rutherford B. Hayes will become the president; in return, he’ll remove troops from Souther Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana

President Hayes

• president from 1877-1881

• oversaw the end of Reconstruction, began the efforts that led to civil service reform, and attempted to reconcile the divisions left over from the Civil War