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Gen bio II Exam 2 outlines
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1
What are protists?
Eukaryotic organisms that are not plants, animals, or fungi.
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2
Why is the Kingdom Protista considered 'not a coherent group'?
It is no longer monophyletic and is not used as an official taxonomic name.
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3
Name the four eukaryotic supergroups.
Excavata, SAR clade, Archaeplastida, Unikonta.
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4
What does the name 'Archaeplastida' mean?
Ancestral plastid.
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5
Which supergroup includes all photosynthetic protists?
Archaeplastida.
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6
What unique characteristic do unikonts have?
Cells with only one flagella.
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7
What does 'Excavata' refer to?
A diverse clade of eukaryotic organisms with an excavated feeding groove.
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8
What are kinetoplastids?
A type of Excavata characterized by a kinetoplast, a mass of mitochondrial DNA.
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9
What disease is caused by trypanosomes?
African trypanosomiasis, commonly called sleeping sickness.
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10
How are trypanosomes transmitted?
By bites from the tsetse fly.
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11
What are Variant Surface Glycoproteins (VSGs)?
Proteins on the surface of trypanosomes that help them evade the immune system.
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12
What is the function of the apicoplast in apicomplexans?
It is essential for survival as it contains enzymes for producing fatty acids.
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13
What does it mean if a protist is 'haploid dominant'?
The organism primarily exists in a haploid state, such as many fungi.
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14
Define secondary endosymbiosis.
A process where a eukaryotic cell engulfs another eukaryotic cell that has a plastid.
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15
What is a significant feature of dinoflagellates?
They can cause red tides and have diverse ecological roles, including being endosymbionts of coral.
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16
How does coral bleaching occur?
Stress causes corals to expel their symbiotic dinoflagellates, leading to reduced energy and possible death.
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17
What is the significance of the term 'Alveolate'?
A group of protists that include dinoflagellates, ciliates, and apicomplexans, characterized by their membrane-bound alveoli.
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18
What type of organism commonly infects humans causing malaria?
Plasmodium, an apicomplexan.
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19
What are the two life stages of Plasmodium in humans?
Sporozoites and merozoites.
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20
In the context of fungi, what does 'heterokaryotic stage' refer to?
A stage where two genetically different haploid nuclei coexist in one hypha.
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21
What are the two major forms of hyphae in fungi?
Coenocytic hyphae and septate hyphae.
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22
How do fungi obtain nutrients?
By secreting enzymes to break down complex molecules.
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23
What type of organism are yeasts classified as?
Single-celled fungi.
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24
What is the ecological role of fungi as decomposers?
Breaking down dead organic material and recycling nutrients in ecosystems.
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25
How do mycorrhizae benefit plants?
Enhance mineral and water absorption from the soil, forming a mutualistic relationship.
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26
What gives rise to sexual spores in fungi?
Karyogamy followed by meiosis.
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27
What is the role of telomeres in eukaryotic chromosomes?
Prevent loss of genetic information during DNA replication.
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28
What does the enzyme telomerase do?
Adds telomere repeats to the ends of linear chromosomes.
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29
What occurs during plasmogamy in fungal reproduction?
Fusing of the plasma membranes of haploid cells.
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30
Describe the significance of the Sir2 gene.
It regulates lifespan and is one of the first 'aging genes' discovered.
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31
What happens in asexual reproduction in fungi?
Production of specialized hyphae that form fruiting bodies and spores.
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32
How do fungi exhibit asexual reproduction?
Through the formation of spores or buds that can grow into new individuals.
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33
Define the function of arbuscules in mycorrhizal fungi.
They penetrate plant cell walls to facilitate nutrient exchange.
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34
What is the relevance of studying yeast in aging research?
Yeast models allow researchers to discover genetic mechanisms that control aging.
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35
How are telomeres related to cancer?
Cancer cells often express telomerase to maintain long telomeres for continued division.
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36
What is the Hayflick limit?
The number of times a normal somatic cell can divide before cell division stops.
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37
What are apoptosis and its significance?
The process of programmed cell death, crucial for maintaining cellular health.
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38
What role do fungi play as parasites?
Some fungi form parasitic relationships with plants and animals, affecting their health.
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39
What are endophytic fungi?
Fungi that live inside plant tissues, providing protection against pathogens.
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40
What features distinguish multicellular fungi from animals?
Fungi have cell walls made of chitin, while animals have cell membranes; their development processes differ.
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41
What is a fruiting body in fungi?
A reproductive structure that produces and disperses spores.
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42
Name a common feature of all fungi.
They are heterotrophic and absorb nutrients by breaking down complex organic matter.
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43
What can occur when a yeast gene is knocked out?
It can alter the cell’s phenotype and help identify the gene’s function.
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44
What is a significant benefit of mycorrhizae for plants?
They help increase the surface area for nutrient absorption.
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45
What is the main composition of fungal hyphae?
Chitin, a modified glucose polysaccharide.
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46
What is the functional significance of septate hyphae?
It allows for the isolation of damaged tissue and more efficient flow of materials.
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47
What defines the diploid stage of the fungal life cycle?
It involves karyogamy, where two haploid nuclei fuse.
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48
Identify two examples of higher fungi.
Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes.
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49
What defines a protist?
An informal term for any eukaryotic organism that is not a plant, animal, or fungus.
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50
What general characteristic differentiates SAR clade from other supergroups?
It is a diverse grouping based on molecular phylogenetics rather than morphology.
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51
What key role do tetrahymena play in genetic research?
They serve as a model organism for studying telomeres and histone acetylation.
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52
How are telomeres linked to aging in humans?
Short telomeres are associated with signs of aging and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases.
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53
What does the term 'saprophytic' mean in relation to fungi?
Fungi that obtain nutrients by decomposing dead organic matter.
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54
Describe a unique feature of cellular slime molds.
They can exhibit multicellular behavior under stress, forming aggregates that move together.
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55
What is the main ecological importance of fungi?
They recycle nutrients by breaking down organic matter.
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56
How is the structure of yeast beneficial for studies in genetics?
Yeast has a relatively simple genetic structure that facilitates manipulation and study.
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57
Why are fungi important in human health?
They are sources of antibiotics, like penicillin, and can impact human health through mutualistic relationships.
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58
What defines the lifecycle of chitridiomycetes?
They are mostly aquatic fungi that have flagellated spores.
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59
What is a common misconception about aging?
That it is purely a passive process without genetic control.
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60
How do fungi use enzymes in their feeding strategy?
By secreting enzymes that break down complex organic material into simpler compounds.
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61
What is a potential downside to the relationship fungi can have with plants?
Fungi can become parasitic, stealing nutrients from host plants.
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62
What defines a single-celled fungus?
Yeasts are classified as single-celled fungi.
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63
How do fungi reproduce sexually?
Through the process of plasmogamy, karyogamy, and subsequent meiosis to produce spores.
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64
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