BSC 197 Exam 2 - Lecture Outlines

Prokaryotic 

What type of cells are all bacteria and mostly have a cell wall?

Prokaryotic

What type of cell have no membrane-bound organelles?

Prokaryotic

What type of cell have biochemical reactions that take place in cytoplasm or cell membrane?

Prokaryotic

What type of cells are typically very small? 

Eukaryotic

What type of cells are in Protist, fungi, plant, and animal cells?

Eukaryotic

What type of cells do some have cell walls?

Eukaryotic

What type of cells possess membrane-bound organelles?

Eukaryotic

What type of cells do biochemical reactions take place in specialized compartments?

Eukaryotic

What type of cells are much larger than bacteria?

Animal Cells

What type of cells do not have a cell wall?

Plant cells

What type of cells have chloroplast (contain chlorophyll) and large vacuole?

Animal cells 

What type of cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane?

Plant cells

What type of cells have a plasma membrane and a cell wall?

Animal Cells

What type of cells allow certain molecules in or out of the cell?

Why Cells are Small?

Cells obtain nutrients (gases, water other molecules) from the environment through the cell membrane. 

True

True or false: Large cells would starve

Maximizes the amount of cell/environment interaction

What does High surface area:volume ratio do for why cells are small?

False

True or false: Viruses are cells

Must invade (get inside of host cell) to replicate

Viruses

Viruses

What lack necessary genetic or biochemical machinery to replicate outside of host cells?

Every virus will have a genome and capsid

Viral Structure 

Genome

Stores biological information of the virus and is either DNA or RNA

True

True or False: Viruses do not have a true cell membrane

Stolen from the host cell membrane

Where does viruses get an envolope>

False

True or False: Viruses are able to produce and maintain their own membrane

Capsid

Protective structure of proteins or glycoproteins

True

True or False: Many copies of protein form capsid

Viral replication cycle 

Attach to host cell and enter.
Release the viral genome into the host cell.
Viral genomes and capsid proteins are produced which are directed by the viral genome.
Viral genomes and capsid proteins are assembled into intact viruses 
Viruses exit the host cell to infect other nearby cells

Viral Assembly

What are one of the main differences between cells and viruses

Assembly

Builds genomes and capsid proteins then puts them together as intact viruses 

False

True or False: Viruses divide by binary fission like cells 

1000 offspring

How much offspring may one virus produce by viral assembly?

The Endomembrane system

Group of membrane bound structures iwthin a eukaryotic cell that function as a continuum 

Nucleus, Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER), Golgi Apparatus (Golgi), Lysosomes

What is apart of the endomembrane system?

Nucleus

What is the command center of a cell?

Nucleus

Where are DNA as chromosomes located?

True

True or False: The Nucleus is membrane bound

Nucleus

Where is the site of transcription and RNA modification and maturation?

one per cell

How many Nucleus are in a cell (Unless actively dividing)

Nuclear Membrane

Double membrane with perinuclear space in between

Nuclear membrane

What is very important for cell function and allows for separation of mRNA from translational machinery?

True

True or False: Nuclear membrane allows modification and maturation of mRNA before it is translated into proteins 

Nuclear Membrane

What is a membrane covered with octameric pores that allow mRNA out and nculear proteins in and Ribosomes cover outer membrane and translate mRNA into proteins?

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Complex mass of membranes with cytoplasm of cell and extension of nuclear membranes and perinuclear space 

Rough coated with ribosomes and Smooth with no ribosomes

What are the two types of the ER?

Tubules thin tubes of membrane and cisternae large holding vats

What is with the complex structure of the ER?

Roles of Rough ER

Ribosomes synthesize excreted proteins which are stored in cisternae or vesicle
Modify proteins and glysoylation of proteins
Delivery of membrane associated proteins 
Often interacts with the Golgi

Roles of Smooth ER

Tissue specific uses
Storage of carbohydrates 
Detoxification reactions in liver 
Synthesizes much of the new membrane material 
Modification of existing molecules 

Golgi Apparatus

Complex collection of membrane. Has polarity with Cis and Trans surfaces and is responsible for secretion.
Modifies structures previously synthesized in the ER

Golgi Apparatus

What is very prominent in cells that serve secretory functions-such as epithelial cells?

Golgi function

Cis face is nearer the nucleus of cell where the cis face is often adjacent to ER
Trans face is nearer the cell membrane 

Activity is directional and starts as cis face and moves to trans

What is activity in Golgi?

Examples of Golgi function

Replace Sugars placed on glycoproteins
Modification of phospholipid acylgroups and head groups
Molecule targeting and assembly
Production of vesicles to delivery membrane associated molecules and excreted molecules to cell surface

Synthesis in ER but modification in Golgi. Similar to an assembly line

How do the ER and Golgi Interact?

Lysosome

Contains digestive enzymes used to degrade macromolecules or organelles

Originates in ER but enzymes are activated in Golgi

Where does the lysosome Originate?

Signal Sequences included in amino acid sequence of a protein determines where it will become localized 

Protein Targeting

Certain sequences interact with integral proteins to determine if the new protein will be embedded in a membrane or be free from the membrane 

How Does protein targeting occur?

Mitochondria

One power provider of a cell, like a coal-burning plant

Chloroplasts

One power provider of a cell, like a solar power plant

Mitochondria and Chloroplast

Are membrane-bound organellles, Contain their own DNA which encodes some proteins and ribosomes specific for their activity. Move about within cell and divide to form more organelles

Endosymbiont Theory

Chloroplasts and Mitochondria have evolved directly from bacteria that were internalized into another cell

Effective at respiration and utilizing complex chemicals

What was Mitochondrial’s ancestor effective at in the Endosymbiont Theory?

Was photosynthetic and able to derive energy from sunlight

What was Chloroplasts’ ancestor effective at in the Endosymbiont Theory?

Mutualistic relationship where both partners benefit from the interaction

What was Chloroplasts and Mitochondria relationship in the Endosymbiant theory?

Respiration

What is mitochondria responsible for?

Bound to inner membrane

Where are proteins bound to in Mitochondrial structure?

Membrane associated

Many reactions in mitochondrial structure are _______

Matrix

What is the fluid surrounding cristae?

Cristae

What are the folds of the inner membrane?

Chloroplasts

Have double membrane with space in between

Chloroplasts

Have additional membrane structures called thylakoids

Thylakoids

What looks like poker chips and is where chlorophyll is stored?

Stroma

What surrounds thylakoids?

From the degradation of sugars

Where does cellular respiration obtain energy?

Uses Oxygen and produces CO2

What does cellular respiration use and produce?

In the mitochondria of cells

Where does many steps of cellular respiration take place?

photosynthesis, recognizes many of the same molecules

What is Cellular Respiration complementary to?

Glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, krebs cycle, electron transport

3 Stages in Cellular Respiration and transition phase

In the cytosol of a cell

Where does Glycolysis take place?

Movement of molecules through mitochondrial membranes

Where does the pyruvate oxidation transition occur?

Happens in matrix of mitochondria 

Where does the Krebs cycle occur?

Means sugar splitting where glucose is split into pyruvate

What does Glycolysis mean?

Glycolysis

What is the first step of Respiration?

Energy investment phases which uses 2 ATP

First stage of Glycolysis

Energy payoff phase which yields 4 ATP and 2 NADH

Second Stage of Glycolysis

2 ATP

What is the net yield of ATP in Glycolysis?

Glucose

What does the energy investment phase begin with?

Used to phosphorylate Carbons 1 and 6

What are the first 2 ATPs used for in the Energy Investment Phase?

Isomerase

What converts glucose to fructose structure?

Isomerase

An enzyme that changes one molecule to an isomer

2 molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate

What does the Energy Investment Phase eventually yield?

glyceraldehyde phosphate which has 2 for every glucose

What does the energy Payoff Phase start with?

2 NADH molecules

What is produced when Enzyme adds phosphate to glyceraldehyde phosphate 

Phosphates 4 ATP

_____ are eventually lost resulting in the production of ______ molecules

Pyruvate

What is the final product of the Energy Payoff Phase?

Mitochondria

Where does Pyruvate move into after the Energy Payoff Phase is complete?

Energy Payoff Phase

Where does the 2 molecules of glyceraldehyde phosphate move into after the energy investment phase is done?

Pyruvate Oxidation

What is the transition phase in Cellular Respiration?

First Step of Pyruvate Oxidation

Pyruvate enters Mitochondrion and is conveted to Acetyl CoA and CO2. Loss of 1/3 of carbons brought in Glucose