Period 6 practice test

Who were Robber Barons?

Business leaders who were enabled by growing political corruption during the Gilded Age

Response to low pay and cruel labor practices…

Strikes, protests, and formation of labor unions

What were popular organized labor unions?

Knights of Labor and American Federation of Labor (AFL)

New technologies that led to economic development in the West in mining and cattle industry and…

Mechanized farming

Farmers that suffered corporate power leading to the creation of what party?

Populist Party

Who came up with the “New South”?

Henry Grady

Southern cities had to go from farming to industrialization, promoted by what?

New South

Indian Wars of late 1800s were last major defence of…

Native Americans on the Great Plains

What did the GP Native Americans want to protect?(3 things)

their land against westward expansion, economic development, and migration of immigrants and homesteaders

Who came up with the term the “GILDED AGE” ? Why?

Mark Twain- describe late 19th century when America experienced rapid economic growth and technological advances- but poverty and government corruption

Who was Andrew Carnegie?(4 things)

Scottish immigrant, owner of U.S. steel, vertical integration, author of Gospel of Wealth

Who was John D. Rockefeller?

Owner of Standard Oil

Who was Cornelius Vanderbilt

Owner of NY central and Hudson River Railroads

Who was JP Morgan?

Banker and Financier who consolidated Railroads

What is Horizontal Integration?

Businesses acquiring and merging with competitors-created monopolies

What is Vertical Integration?

Companies buying out all stages of production to control steps to go from raw materials to finished products

What is Laissez-Faire economics?

Politics and economics that don’t want government interaction creating free market

What is the Chinese Exclusion Act?

1882- Prohibited Chinese immigration and banned Chinese laborers for 10 years

What is the Sherman Antitrust Act?

Authored by Senator John Sherman- banned monopolistic business practices like collusion and trusts that interfered with trade

What is Social Darwinism?

A ideology that misapplied Darwin’s theory, arguing “survival of the fittest” justifies social inequality, racism, and imperialism- argued wealth and power reflect superiority

What is Century of Dishonor?

A book by Helen Hunt Jackson that exposes the U.S. government mistreatment of Native Americans

What is the “Cross of Gold”?

Speech by Bryan at 1896 Democratic National Convention arguing “free silver”

What is Gospel of Wealth?

Argued the responsibility of big businesses to give back to society

Who was William “Boss” Tweed?

Leader of Tammany Hall, known for political corruption, exposed by cartoonist Thomas Nast, political machine, helped immigrants find jobs in exchange for votes

Who invented the telegraph?

Samuel Morse

What was the Homestead Act?

Passed in the civil war and granted settlers 120 acres to stay on and develop the land for 5 years

Who was the Grange founded by?

Oliver Hudson Kelly

What currency did farmers want?

Silver backed currency

When was the Transcontinental RailRoad completed?

May 20, 1869

What 2 companies made up the Transcontinental railroad?

Central Pacific Railroad Company and the Union Pacific Railroad Company

Who invented barbed wire?

Joseph Glidden

What did barbed wire signify?

End of the open range and long cattle drives

What did Henry Grady do with New South?

Editor of the Atlanta Constitution- abandoned ag., embraced industry (textiles), and promoted economic diversity

What was significant about the Haymarket Square Riot?

1887- strike organized in Chicago about police killing union wokers, someone in crowd through bomb, people started to assosiate labor unions with anarchy

What did the shift in the south bring?

Plantation agriculture to industrialization. Factories, textile mills, and white supremecy

What were Jim Crow Laws do?

Laws that discriminated against African-Americans, segregated public areas, and limited rights

What was Birmingham like during the New South?

Leading producer of Steel

What was Memphis like during the New South?

Lumber Industry

What was Richmond like during the New South?

Capital of Tobacco industry

What did Plessy V. Furgeson do?

Decided separate but equal was constitutional

Who was Ida B. Wells?

African American journalist, exposed lynching in the South, Women’s rights activist, and founding member of the NAACP

What did Booker T. Washington do?

Believed in gradual approach to equality, argued rights would come when African-Americans proved themselves economically valuable through technical training and ag skills

What did W.E.B. Du Bois do?

Demanded immediate political action, argued increase in college educated black leaders- “the talented tenth”

What were the Civil Rights Cases?

1883- series of Supreme Court decisions that ruled 13/14th Amendments didn’t give congress authority to prohibit racial discrimination by private citizens

What was the relationship of trusts and monopolies?

Trusts- when one company buys all stock of another- trusts lead to monopoly when one company owns whole market

What was significant about Henry Ford’s assembly line?

Similar to Eli Whitney’s interchangeable parts- both allowed goods to be cheaper and quicker and capitalized off of unskilled labor

What was the Social Gospel movement?

Encouraged Christians to give back and help urban poor and immigrants

What did Horatio Alger do?

American writer- wrote about the idea of social and economic mobility through hard work - “rags to riches”- “Horatio Alger Myth”

How did government curroption work?

Political bosses would promise things to poor and immigrants to get votes

What was the Credit Mobilier Scandal?

Some Congress members investigated and kicked out of office because of creation of fake RR company used as front to steal money

What was the Whiskey Ring Scandal?

Whiskey distillers bribed US Treasury offices to avoid paying taxes

What did Coxey’s Army do?

High unemployement caused them to march on Washington hoping for the president to create some public works orgs to help people to get back to work- Coxey and some others arrested

What were lockouts?

Employers refused to allow people to work until they agreed with their conditions

What was blacklisting?

Put labor agitators on lists so no one would hire them

What were Yellow Dog Contracts?

Workers forced to sign contract that prevented them from joining Labor Unions

What was the National Labor Union?

Founded by William Sylvis, fought for 8 hr workday, improved working conditions through legislation- allowed skilled and unskilled laborers to join

What did the Knights of Labor do?

Union of skilled and unskilled labor led by Terrance Powderly- fought for shorter work days, end child labor, abolish trusts and monopolies, and fought for “equal pay for equal work”

What was the American Federation of Labor?

Founded by Samuel Gompers, specifically for skilled workers, higher wages, used collective bargaining, fought for bread and butter issues that affected all workers

What was the Great Railway Strike?

1877- Railway companies cut wages by 10% causing strike at B&O RR which set off other strikes nation wide over 100K workers participated- Pres Hayes sent fed troops and over 100 people killed

What was the Pullman strike?

1894- George Pullman cut wages and increased rent for workers, fired anyone who tried to bargain causing Pullman strike- strike interrupted mail services so Pres Cleveland encouraged court to issue injunctions

What was the Homestead Strike?

1892- Henry Frick (manager of Carnegies Pittsburgh Steel Plant) cut wages of many workers- workers went on strike- Frick and Carnegie unable to make new contracts-Private Guards called Pinkertons and National Guardsmen

What was the Interstate Commerce Act?

Intended to monitor and regulate practices of RR monopolies

What happened in the case US v. EC Knight Company?

Supreme court ruled sherman antitrust act was constitutional but didn’t apply to manufacturing- limited ability of the act to break up trust bc fed gov couldn’t regulate intrastate commerce or manufacturing

What happened with Garfield’s assasination?

Push for political reform after assassination by Charles Gouteau (deranged office seeker who thought he deserved appointment for supporting Garfield) when Chester Arthur assumed presidency he signed Pendleton Civil Service Act (ending Spoils system)

What was Hull House?

Opened by Jane Addams in Chicago offering assistance to immigrants (daycare, English classes, job assistance, housing, and recreational activities)

What did the temperance movement do?

Members formed Anti-Saloon League- lobbied to prohibit sale and consumption of alcohol- Carrie A. Nation (hatched attacks)

Who invented the telephone?

Alexander Graham Bell

What was significant about the telephone?

Made communication instantaneous, allowed many middle-class women to enter workforce as secretaries and switchboard operators (“Hello Girls”)

What did the invention of electricity do?

Influenced upper/middle/lower classes all differently, upper class could afford electricity in home- lower classes had 24/7 factories meaning night hours and longer hours

What was the Bessemer Process?

Scientific innovation capitalized by Andrew Carnegie- allowed him to cheaply and quickly produce steel

What contributed to the growth of middle-class?

Growth of industry=higher paying white-collar jobs, new technologies requiring college educated and engineers and scientists, expanding college education helped growing professions as doctors, professors, and lawyers

What were some middle class advantages?

Access to college education, higher incomes, and shorter work weeks- higher standard of living and more leisure time

What were streetcar suburbs?

Middle and upper classes moving to suburbs to avoid crime, poverty, and pollution. Higher income allowed larger homes and yards

Who was Frederick Law Olmested?

Architect who created NY central park during City Beautiful Movement

What were common leisure time activities?

Sports, parks, and music

What were qualities of old immigrants?

Immigrants before 1880s, often from North and West Europe, mostly Protestant, some settle in major cities (Irish), some in rural areas (Germans)

What were qualities of new immigrants?

Between 1890 to 1910, typically from Southern and Eastern Europe and sometimes China, more religiously divers- incl Catholic and Jewish, ofter settled in ethnic neighborhoods in cities

What was the American Protective Assosiation?

Nativist group,mostly targeted Catholic immigrants, feared increased immigration threatened US identity

What was Ellis Island?

Island in NY harbor (1892), made to deal with massive number of immigrants, used to process immigrants, physical immigrants, mostly European immigrants

What was Angel Island?

Island in San Fransisco (1910), used to process immigrants coming into America, physical exam, mostly Asian immigrants, longer detention period, higher rejection rates

Why did the Skyscraper get invented?

Increased steel production, Otis’s Elevator, and overcrowding of cities(up instead of out)

What was significant about the Brooklyn Bridge?

First roadway to connect Manhattan and Brooklyn using steel cables

What did the Farmers’ Alliances do?

Negotiated crop prices and freight rates, purchased farm equipment for members to share, made town halls for social events, and built grain elevators

What is the Grange?

A Farmers’ Alliance

What happened in Munn V. Illinois?

Case challenged Illinois law that regulated cost of transporting and storing goods- Supreme Court ruled state could regulate private indu if in best interest of common good, helping farmers with high prices

What did the Populist Party campaign on?

Farmers and laborers, supported reforms (ex. graduated income tax, bank regulation, and unlimited coinage of silver, party catered to finding solutions to problems farmers faced

What was significant about Populists in the election of 1892?

They ran with James Weaver- one of only 3rd party candidates to receive electoral votes

What party did the Populist Party share some beliefs with?

The Democrats

What did William Jennings Bryan do? (elections)

Ran for Democrats, supporter of Populist Platform, ran for president 3 times, Cross of Gold speech

Why did Americans settle the West?

Cheap and abundant land, many RR and mining job opportunities, increase in commercialized ranching and agriculture

What were two causes of Boomtowns?

Increase in mining and lumber mills

What happened once Boomtown materials ran out?

Many would abandon the town to search for new opportunities- turning into bus or ghost towns

How were time zones developed?

Expansion of railroads and development of telegraph and telephone created need for universal time to arrange shipping and travel

Who were exodusters?

African Americans who migrated West to escape rascism and lack of oppurtunity

Why did exodusters move West?

Wanted to take advantage of Homestead act and get own their own land

What did Frederick Jackson Turner do?

Published his frontier thesis after 1890 census- declared frontier officially West- believed W land was safety valve for overcrowding and that settling the frontier was integral part of American identity

What were some negative effects of Westward Expansion?

Decimation of buffalo, environmental effects of mining and railroads, and conflict with Native Americans over land

What was one attempt of peace with Native Americans?

Assimilation

How did America go about trying to assimilate Natives?

Schools like the Carlyle School- Native children taken from parents and forced to assimilate by changing names, cutting hair, and wearing American clothing