Linguistics

Linguistics

The scientific study of language.

Phonetics

The science of human speech sounds.

Phoneme

An abstract: unit that distinguishes meaning (concept) in a particular language.

Phone

A concrete: physical realization (use) of speech sounds.

Allophone

A non-distinctive variant of a phoneme.

Minimal Pair Technique

Words that are almost identical except for 1 sound in the same position, showcasing one phonemic difference.

Articulatory Phonetics

The oldest branch of phonetics that examines the articulatory organs and their role in producing speech sounds.

Acoustic Phonetics

The branch of phonetics that deals with the physical properties of speech sounds as they travel through the air.

Auditory Phonetics

The branch of phonetics that examines how humans perceive (receive) speech sounds.

International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)

A system of transcription symbols that represent the speech sounds distinguishable in human language.

Branches of Phonetics

Articulatory Phonetics (production)
Acoustic Phonetics (transmission)
Auditory Phonetics (perception)

Main Task of Phonetics

Notation
Description

Notation

transcription symbol

Description

description (characterization)

Vowel

A sound produced by shaping the oral cavity, all vowels are voiced.

Monophthong

A single vowel sound.

Diphthong

A complex sound that combines two vowel sounds.

Tripthong

A sound that glides together three vowel sounds, comprised of a diphthong and a monophthong.

Consonant

A sound produced with partial restrictions of the vocal tract.

Phonology

The study of the sound system of language: the rules that govern pronunciation.

Syllable

phonological unit consisting of one sound.

Onset

consonant/s/ that blends before the rime

Rime/rhyme

consist of nucleus and the consonant following it.

Nucleus

vowel (sometimes consonant sonorant)

Coda

any consonant following the rime/rhyme

Blend

two or more consonants; when combined two (2) sounds are heard.

Digraph

two or more consonants; when combined one (1) sound is heard.

Sibilant

an example of a fricative sound; a hissing sound (most are fricative)

Allophones

systematic variations of a phoneme; specific properties of a phoneme vary according to its position in a word.

Two types of Allophones

Aspirated
Unaspirated

Aspirated

(w/ air) If initial voiceless stop (Pin)

Unaspirated

(airless) after the sibilant sound (Spin)

Phonological Conditioning

The phonological differences between the allomorphs of a morpheme are often due to the phonological environment

Sibilant

/əz/

bushes

Voiceless

/s/

cats

Voiced

/z/

dogs

Morphophonemic Processes

Assimilation

Dissimilation

Deletion
Insertion

Metathesis

Assimilation

a sound becoming more like another nearby sound.

Assimilation

input - imput

Dissimilation

two sounds becoming less alike in articulatory acoustic terms.
Avoiding (removing) redundant sound.

Dissimilation

cultural - culturar

Deletion

removes weak segment

silent sound

Deletion

handbag - hanbag

Deletion

know - now

Insertion

inserts a syllable

Below is an example of deletion in?

handbag - hanbag

Syncope

Below is an example of deletion in?

know - now

Aphaeresis

Below is an example of deletion in?

Lacoste - Lacos

Aposcope

Metathesis

reorders or reverses a sequence segments

Below is an example of which insertion?

star - estar

Epenthesis

Metathesis

ask - aks

Morphology

word formation: the study of morphemes and words

Morphemes

The smallest meaningful units of language, which cannot be subdivided without their meaning.

Lexeme

The basic unit of the word/ root word/ base form

Syntactic word

an inflected word;
(nilapian)

Orthographical word

how a word is composed of alphabetical graphemes.
(spelling)

Morphs

physical realizations of morphemes

Typology of Morphemes

Lexical Morpheme
Grammatical Morpheme
Free Morphemes
Bound Morphemes

Lexical Morphemes

content word/ open class/

NAVA - Nouns, Adjectives, Verb, Adverb

Grammatical Morpheme

Function words/ closed class

Free Morphemes

can stand alone as words

Free Morphemes

talk, sing

Bound Morphemes

cannot stand alone as word; Affixes

What is the organ that modifies the air flow so it determines whether sound is nasal or oral?

Velum

Why are some sounds called "stop"?

the airstream is completely blocked in the oral
cavity for a short period

Why are some sounds called "fricative"?

in producing the sound, airflow is impeded not blocked

Why are some sounds called "Affricate"?

in producing the sound, airflow is blocked then released

Why are some sounds called "Liquids"

some obstruction; not fricative

Why are some sounds called "Nasal"

the sound is produced thru the nose

Why are some sounds called "Glides"

in producing the sound it is always followed by a vowel; not found in the end

Bilabial

lips

Labiodental

lower lip & upper teeth meets

Interdental

tongue & upper teeth
(ipiton and dila)

Alveolar

tongue & alveolar ridge
(naa sa likod ang dlia)

Palatal

tongue & palatal
(naa sa roof)

Velar

tongue and velum
(naa sa ngala-ngala)

Glottal

glottis

Bilabial

p, b, m, w

LabioDental

f, v

Interdental

θ, ð

Alveolar

t, d, s, z, n, l, r

Palatal

ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ, j

Velar

k, g, ŋ

Glottal

?, h

Plosive/ Stop

p, b, t, d, k, g, ?

Fricative

f, v, θ, ð, s, z, ʃ, ʒ, h

Affricate

tʃ, dʒ,

Nasal

m, n , ŋ

Liquids

l , r ,

Glides

w , j

Seen, Day, and Food is an example of?

Monopthong

Hi, bow, toy is an example of?

Dipthong

hour, and fire is an example of?

Triphthong

Types of Bound Morpheme

Inflectional
Derivational

Inflectional Morpheme

does not affect the category (If it is a noun, regardless if a suffix is added it will still stay as a noun)

Derivational Morpheme

can change syntactic category; sometime affects sense

can be prefix or suffix

Null/ Zero Morpheme

Not Physically Present
“Sheep”

Empty Morpheme

Present in form but no actual meaning

morphemes that are physically present

Category Extension

the extension of a morpheme from one syntactic category to another.
(looks the same but changes in category)

Derivation

addition of a derivational affix, changing the syntactic category of the item to which it is attached.