APHUG 02 Vocab

Population

all the inhabitants of a particular region

Ecumene

the earth's surface occupied by permanent human settlement

Arable

Farmable Land

Infant Mortality Rate

an estimate of the number of infant deaths for every
1,000 live births. This rate is often used as an indicator to
measure the health and well-being of a nation

Mortality

reflect a country's health care system and life expectancy measures the average number of years a baby can expect to live;

Natality

This is the ratio of live births in an area to the population
of that area, it is expressed as number of birth in year to
every 1000 people alive in the society; birth rate

Population Densities

A measurement of population per unit area or unit of land

Population Distribution

The arrangement or spread of people living in a given area; how the population of an area is arranged according to variables such as age, race, or sex; The arrangement of people across space. The main distributions are concentrated in Asia and Europe. Globally, most people are found in the northern hemisphere, along coastal waterways

Standard of Living

The degree of wealth and material comfort available to a person or community; refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way they are distributed within a population. Higher standards of living are found in MDC's rather than LDC's

Sustainability

Providing the best outcomes for human and natural environments both in the present and for the future; relates to development that meets today's needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

Carrying Capacity

The maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water, and other necessities available in the environment

Disease Diffusion

There are two types, contagious and hierarchical.

Hierarchical is along high density areas that spread from urban to rural areas. Contagious is spread through the density of people. This is important in determining how the disease spread so you can predict how it will spread

Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase. This is important because it can help project the country's population increase over the years and when its population will double

J-Curve

This is when the projection population show exponential growth; sometimes shape as a j-curve. This is important because if the population grows exponentially our resource use will go up exponential and so will our use as well as a greater demand for food and more

Maladaptation

A trait that is (or has become) more harmful than helpful

Malthus, Thomas

Was one of the first to argue that the world's rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food population. This is important because he brought up the point that we may be outrunning our supplies because of our exponentially growing population

Neo-Malthusian

Refers to people with the same basic concerns as Malthus, who advocate for population control programs, to ensure resources for current and future population

Overpopulation

The number of individuals compared to the relevant resources, such as the water and essential nutrients they need to survive. It can result from an increase in births, a decline in mortality rates, an increase in immigration, or an unsustainable biome and depletion of resources

Population Explosion

A sudden increase or burst in the population in either a certain geographical area or worldwide

Population Projection

Estimates of total size or composition of populations in the future

Rate of natural increase

(NIR) the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate of a population. When looking at countries, it gives an idea of what position in the Demographic Transition Model they are in

S-Curve

Traces the cyclical movement upwards and downwards in a graph. So named for its shape as the letter "s". Relates to growth and decline in the natural increase

Underpopulation

It is the opposition to overpopulation and refers to a sharp drop or decrease in a region's population

Zero Population Growth

When the crude birth rate equals the crude death rate and the natural increase rate approaches zero. Often applied to countries in stage 4 of the demographic transition model

Age Distribution

The proportion of individuals of different ages within a population

Cohort

Population of various age categories in a population pyramid. This is important because this can tell what state this country it is whether in Stage 3 or Stage 5 in the demographic transition model.

Demographic Equation

The formula that calculates population change. The formula finds the increase (or decrease) in a population. The formula is found by doing births minus deaths plus (or minus) net migration. This is important because it helps to determine which stage in the demographic transition model a country is in

Demographic Momentum

This is the tendency for growing population to continue growing after a fertility decline because of their young age distribution. This is important because once this happens a country moves to a different stage in the demographic transition model

Demographic Regions

Regions grouped together by the stage of the demographic transition model that most countries in the region are in

Demographic Transition Model

Model that uses population measures to help explain stages of development as well as level of development. It has 5 steps; Stage 1 is low growth, Stage 2 is High Growth, Stage 3 is Moderate Growth, and Stage 4 is Low Growth and Stage 5 although not officially a stage is a
possible stage that includes zero or negative population group. This is important because this is the way our country and others countries around the world are transformed from a less developed country to a more developed country

Dependency Ratio

A measure showing the number of dependent people to the total population

Epidemiological Transition Model

The theory that says that there is a distinct cause of death in each stage of the demographic transition model. It can help explain how a country's population changes so dramatically

Population pyramid

Shows the distribution of various age groups in a population (typically that of a country or region of the world), which forms the shape of a pyramid when the population is growing; population displayed by age and
gender on a bar graph

Sex Ratio

The number of males per hundred females in the population. Depends on birth and death rates and immigration. Men have higher death rates but also higher birth rates. Immigration usually means more males because they can make the journey

Gendered Space

A certain place categorized by a certain gender

Diffusion of Fertility Control

The diffusion of birth control and the ability to obtain it in an area. This is important because it shows how many kids a mother is having thus helping to see where the countries are growing rapidly and where countries are leveling off

Activity Space

this is the daily routine of most people that takes them through a regular sequence of short movements

Chain Migration

this is when people follow the migration path of those who have come before them (friends, family) to an an existing community

cyclic movement

this defines your daily activity space where you start at your home base and come back to it. For example, commuting.

Distance Decay

when migrating, one is likely to have more complete and accurate perceptions of places that are more near to one than farther ones, which confirms that intensity of human activity declines as distance from its source increases

Forced Migration

imposition of power or authority on the movement of people (relocation)

Gravity Model

this is a measure of the interaction between places using population and the distance between them

Internal Migration

Migration within a countyr

Intervening Opportunity

this is when a nearer opportunity makes something farther away look less attractive for migration purposes

Migratory Movement

a change in residence that is intended to be permanent

Periodic Movement

when a movement is less back and forth than commuting, but you do return home, for example college or military service

Push-Pull Factors

push factors can be described as what makes people leave their homes and pull factors are what make people be attracted to certain locations

Refugee

the UNHCR defines refugee as " a person who has a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race, religion, nationalit, membership of a particular social group, or political opinion."

Step Migration

a series of stages of a migration process

Transhumance

a special form of periodic movement that is a type of pastoral farming in which livestock and their tenders move according to the seasonal availability of pastures

Voluntary

Relocation by choice

Demographic Transition Stages

1. Stage 1 - Low population, die, famine, disease, no healthcare, cavemen

2. Stage 2 - death rate drops, more food, more medicine, more babies, agricultural plot development

3. Stage 3 - Birth rates drop, education for women

4. Stage 4 - Birth and Death rates drop, women working and going to college, medical care and yoga, no need for children, family size stabilizes at 2.1 TFR

1. Stage 5 - Women say forget kids, population shrinks

Epidemiological Transition

• Stage 1: The Age of Pestilence and Famine - High mortality, low life expectancy.

• Stage 2: The Age of Receding Pandemics - Declining mortality, increasing life expectancy.

• Stage 3: The Age of Degenerative and Man-Made Diseases - Chronic diseases dominate.

• Stage 4: The Age of Delayed Degenerative Diseases - Extended life expectancy, advanced treatments.

• Stage 5: The Age of Re-emerging Infectious Diseases (proposed) - Resurgence of infectious diseases.