aggression

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31 Terms

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Blackburns description of violence

the forceful infliction of physical harm

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andersons description of aggression

a behaviour that is intended to harm another person who wants to avoid harm

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alllens forms of aggression

minor (such as name calling) to serious (kicking, punching), to sever (stabbing, killing)

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parrots taxonomies

split aggressive behaviour in four types, based on two dimensions, active vs passive and direct vs indirect

<p><span style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif">split aggressive behaviour in four types, based on two dimensions, active vs passive and direct vs indirect</span></p>
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Kraches taxonomies

 outlined aspects of behavioural responses and the subtypes of these. For example, visibility (covert, or overt), and type of harm (physical, psychological).

<p><span>&nbsp;</span><span style="font-family: Aptos, sans-serif">outlined aspects of behavioural responses and the subtypes of these. For example, visibility (covert, or overt), and type of harm (physical, psychological).</span></p>
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two subtypes of violence

instrumental and reactive

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elbert and instrumental violence

violence is used as a way to gain somethin

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elbert and reactive violence

 response to escape a situation where someone feels dear or anger, this type of violence is often impulsive

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socio - Heuer and violence

interpretation of violence is dependent on the individual because people view the world in very different ways

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socio - bandura and aggression

aggression is learnt and established through rewards, making violence a behaviour taught through social interactions. 

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socio cog - huesmann and aggression

aggressive behaviour is gained through early socialisation, individuals develop cognitive scripts

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Scripts?

s mental templates which influence decision and the way situations are read by the individual

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socio cog - dodge and scripts

environment shapes cognitive scripts within an individual, cues are encoded, interpreted, classify a goal and construct and select an appropriate response

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socio cog - dodge and youth

antisocial youth were found to encode fewer cues, and interpret intentions as hostile, they also activate harmful goals and respond and select aggressive responses.

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socio - excitation transfer and Zillmann

arousal is a stimulant of aggression, anger is seen as a function of both the strength of the physiological arousal and the way that this arousal is labelled by the individual.

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Aggressive response to arousal and misattribution

An aggressive response to arousal can be increased when an individual incorrectly attributed the arousal they experience and misattribute it to an incorrect source

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socio excitation - Dollard

aggression is triggered by frustration, frustration can be from any event that prevents an individual from achieving a goal and the reinforcement they would get from this goal. Aggressive behaviour is a result of a person attempting to remove the source that is interfering with the achievement of this goal.

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socio interactionist theory - Felson

focuses on the function of coercive actions rather than aggression.

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socio interactionist theory - why use coercive strategies

to control a persons behaviour

as a means of restoring justice

to protect the aggressor’s positive identity

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socio interactionist theory - decision making

coercive actions are often used as an outcome of a decision making process, the first decision being whether to use coercive action or not, and the second being to decide on a form of coercive action.

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bio hormones - shoal and cortisol

low cortisol levels has been found to be linked to risk taking and fearlessness, these two characteristics can be predictors of aggressive behaviour over

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bio hormones - archer and testosterone

high levels of testosterone have been found in highly aggressive men

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bio hormones - ratio of cortisol and testosterone

Low levels of cortisol cannot counterbalance high levels of testosterone, which will increase the likelihood of aggressive behaviour

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bio hormones - Lorenz

compared human and animal behaviour and put forward a model to explain how aggressive energy is developed and released

model stated that organisms build aggressive energy, and the release and response of this energy depends on the energy level and the strength of the external stimuli. If this aggressive energy rises above a certain level and is not released by an external stimulus, it can lead to spontaneous aggression.

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bio natural selection theory

was derived from Darwin (1859), stating that a behaviour has to be adaptive for it to be passed down genetically

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bio natural selection - Archer

Aggression has been considered as an adaptive behaviour, as fighting off competition can help reproductive success

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bio twin studies - Miles

meta-analysis

found that there was a strong genetic link that accounted for 50% of the variance in aggression.

Self-report and parental ratings showed that both genes and the family environment were important during childhood, but with age the influence of the family environment decreased, whilst the genetic influence increased

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bio twin studies - Rhee

found that genetics explained 41% of the variance in aggression

the environment explained 59% of the variance.

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bio male warrior hypothesis theory

states that men’s psychology has been shaped to gain and protect reproductive resources

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bio male warrior hypothesis - Vugt

human brain has evolved through natural selection, with a strong emphasis on sociality and forming associations.

The human brain is inherently social, and this can be seen through the human tendency to create alliances, historically this was important in gaining and protecting resources

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bio male warrior hypothesis - Machiavellian Intelligence hypothesis

states that the human brain increased in size through evolution to manage these complex social networks.

Men are thought to have developed cognitive mechanisms with help with the formation of alliances with other men, which enables coordination of planning, and succeeding in intergroup conflicts.