COMPTIA ITF+ Part 15 & 16

Flowchart

Type of diagram that an algorithim, workflow, or process is represented visually

Sequences

Refer to the specific order in which instructions are executed by a computer

Psuedocode

Method of planning which allows programmers to plan out their code in a format that is easier to understand

Programming Languages

Assembly. Compiled, Interpreted, Query

Assembly

More Precise, low-level approach

Compiled or Interpreted

High-level, easier to write or read

Query

Data handling

Assembly Languages

Low level programming languages that parallel machine, fundamental language directly interpreted by a computers hardware

Compiled Language

Designed to be more human-readable and are then translated into machine code through the use of a compiler (ex c, c++, rust)

Interpreted Language

Not converted into machine code, they are executed line by line by an interpreter (ex python, ruby, javascript)

Query Language

Empowers ability to create, retrieve, update, or delete designed to interact w/ data stored in relational databases, offering efficent and effective data management capabilities

Variables & Constants

Elements that constitute the backbone of how data is stored, manipulated. and utilized within the realm of computer programming

Constants

The value remains the same throughout the entire program

Array

Fixed-size sequence of elements each of the same data type

Vectors

An extension of the concept of arrays, they can grow or shrink in size during the execution of the program

Branching & Looping

Considered as the brain and heart of the code, allows to make decisions based on specfific conditions and execute tasks repeatedly in an efficent manner

IF Statement

Checks a condition, and if its true, a specific code block executes

IF Else Statement

Executes both the true part and the false part of a given condition

Looping

The heart of the code and keeps the action going continuously

Operator

Allows the program to make decisions, comparisons, and carry out arithimetic operations

Comparison Operator

Compares two values and based on that comparison returns a boolean value either true or false

== operator

Tests if values on either side are equal

!= operator

cehcks if the values on either side are not equal

< and > operator

Tests if one value is less than or greater than another value respectively.

Logical Operator

Allows to test multiple conditions at once

AND (&&)

An operator that returns true if both conditions it tests are true, used for combining multiple expressions in logical operations.

OR (II)

An operator that returns true if at least one of the conditions it tests is true, commonly used to combine multiple expressions in logical operations.

XOR (^)

An operator that returns true if exactly one of the conditions it tests is true, often used in logical expressions to indicate exclusive options.

NOT (!)

An operator that returns true if the condition it tests is false, often used to negate expressions in logical operations.

Function

Segment of code designated to perform a distinct task| allows the reuse of code multiple times

Procedures

Similar to functions but do not return a value

Object-oriented programming (OOP):

Progreamming paradigm at the heart of many modern languageslike c++, java, and python

Object

Entity that combines data and functions into one package

Attribute

Specification that defines a property of an object

Property

Element that determines its state or characteristics

Method

Similar to functions in procedural programming, but they are contained within a class

Database

Structured sets of data designed to store, manage, and retrieve information in a way that is efficient and organized. They can be relational or non-relational.

Data Creation

First function of database involves generating & adding new entries to the database

Data Import/Data input

Process of adding data to the database from external sources

Data Storage

Databases store vast amounts of information in a structured manner and makes data that easy to manage and retrieve

Database Query

Process of requesting specfiic information from a database

Reporting

Involves presenting data from the database in a structured and understandable format

CRUD

Create, Read, Update, Delete

• the four basic operations of maintaining data in a database.

Create

Creates & adds new records to the databse

Read

Retrieves or reads data from database

Update

Modified existing data in database

Delete

Removes data from database

Flat File

A simple way to store data

Concurrent Usage

In a multi-user enviornment, several users can access and work on the same data simultaneously w/o conflict

Scalability

Highly scalable and can handle increasing amounts of data and user loads efficently

Speed

Uses indexing, partioning, and other techniques to ensure fast data retrieval, even when dealing w. large volumes of data

Variety of data supported

Supports a wide variety of data types, including text, numbers, dates, binary data, and more

Records and Storage

Databases have functions dedicated to the creation, reading, updating, and deletion of records using CRUD functions

Structured Databases

Characterized by a highly organized software system that stores data in tables, w/ each table consisting of rows & columns uses SQL for data manipulation and queries

Semi-Structured Databases

Even w/o rigid structures, they possess some level of organization by storing data in a way that allows more flexibility

Relational Database

Uses a structured format w/ tables, rows, and columns

Non-Relational Database (NOSQL)

Does not rely on a standard table structure and they can handle structured, semi-structured, & unstructured data

Schema

A blueprint or structure that defines how data is organized within a database, outlining the relationships between different data elements.

Tables

A collection of data entries consisting of rows and columnsP

Primary Key

Unique identifier for a record in a table that must contain a unique value for each row of data and cannot contain null values

Foreign Keys

A field in a table that matches the primary key of another table, and its used to link two tables together

Constraints

Rules enforced on data columns in a table

Key/Value Databases

Type of non-relational database that stores and retrieves data as a collection of key-value pairs

Document Database

Type of non-relational database that stores and retrieves data in a document oriented manner

Data Definiton Language (DDL)

Subset of SQL used to define and manage database structures

Data Mannipulation Language (DML)

Subset of SQL used to manipulate and manage data within database structures.

Direct or Manual Access

Involves interactinf w/ the database directly using a query language, through the use of SQL typically for relational database

Programmatic Access

Involves using a programming language or a database API to interact w/ the database

User Interface or Utility Access

These tools often provide features for viewing and editing data managing the database structure, running queries and more

Query or Report Builders

Tools that allow users to create queries and reports w/o writing SQL code

Backups, data exports, and database dumps

Methods of accessing data that involves creating a copy of the database or its contents