AP WORLD HISTORY FLASHCARDS

What belief system was revived during the Tang dynasty in China?

Neo-Confucianism, which combined Confucian, Buddhist, and Daoist beliefs.

What was the social structure in China during the Song Dynasty?

A hierarchical society where lesser people obeyed the needs of the higher class.

What is filial piety in the context of Chinese society?

The practice of honoring ancestors and obeying the emperor.

How did the revival of Confucianism during the Song Dynasty demonstrate continuity and innovation?

It maintained ancient Chinese beliefs while incorporating new ideas and practices.

What practice was used by women in China as a sign of privilege?

Footbinding.

What was the role of the imperial bureaucracy in the Song Dynasty?

It was a government system that obeyed the emperor and spread throughout the country for effective management.

What was required of men to prove their qualifications for government positions in the Song Dynasty?

They had to pass an exam on Confucianism.

How did Korea's relationship with China affect its political independence?

Korea maintained political independence due to its relationship with China.

What similarities existed between Korea and Vietnam regarding their relationship with China?

Both adopted Confucianism and Buddhism, with Vietnam having less harsh regulations on female roles.

What are the central ideas of Buddhism as it spread from India to China?

Life is suffering, suffering is a result of craving, and the cessation of craving leads to the end of suffering.

What are the three main branches of Buddhism mentioned in the notes?

Theravada Buddhism, Mahayana Buddhism, and Tibetan Buddhism.

What distinguishes Mahayana Buddhism from Theravada Buddhism?

Mahayana Buddhism is available to all, while Theravada Buddhism emphasizes monastic life.

How did Japan's adoption of Chinese culture differ from that of Korea?

Japan adopted Chinese traits voluntarily, influenced by geographical distance.

What was the impact of Buddhism on society during the Song Dynasty?

Despite an emphasis on traditional Chinese ideas, Buddhism continued to play a significant role in society.

What is the Eightfold Path in Buddhism?

A guide to end suffering and craving.

What is the significance of the Song Dynasty's policies regarding traditional Chinese ideas?

They emphasized traditional beliefs while allowing Buddhism to remain influential.

How did women's rights in Korea compare to those in China during the Song Dynasty?

Women in Korea held the same rights as men, unlike in China where they were lesser.

What was the influence of Hinduism on Buddhism?

Buddhism was inspired by Hinduism, particularly in its concepts of suffering and craving.

What led to the commercialization of goods in historical economies?

Excess goods sold to the world market, advancements in paper money and credit, and innovations in iron and steel production.

What agricultural innovation allowed for increased food production in historical societies?

Champa rice, which is drought-resistant and can be harvested twice per year, leading to a massive increase in population.

What transportation innovation facilitated trade between the Yellow and Yangzi rivers?

The Grand Canal, which made trade cheaper.

How did the magnetic compass contribute to trade?

It made naval navigation easier.

What were junk boats used for in historical trade?

They improved navigation efficiency.

What is Dar-Al Islam?

A term referring to the Islamic world where Islam is the dominant religion.

What are the major monotheistic religions discussed in the notes?

Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

Who founded Islam and where?

Islam was founded by Prophet Muhammad in the Arabian Peninsula.

What was the significance of the Abbasid Caliphate during the Golden Age of Islam?

It was a period of great cultural, economic, and scientific flourishing.

What happened to the Abbasid Empire by the 1200s?

It began to break apart, leading to the rise of new empires established by Turkish people.

What was the role of the Seljuks in the Abbasid Empire?

They were brought in as military support and gained significant political power.

What was the Mamluk Sultanate known for?

It was a military regime under Saladin.

What was the Delhi Sultanate's impact on India?

It ruled for years, implemented Sharia laws, and was characterized by military dominance.

What was the Bhakti movement in Hinduism?

It encouraged monotheism and rejected the caste system, promoting personal spiritual experience.

What is syncretism in the context of religion?

The blending of different religious beliefs and practices.

What characterized the Mayan civilization?

City-states at war, a tributary network, and a belief in human sacrifice.

How did the Aztecs establish their rule?

They created a decentralized power structure with a tributary system and religious motivations for expansion.

What was the Inca Empire known for in terms of governance?

It utilized military power, a bureaucratic system, and the Mita system for labor quotas.

What was the significance of the Swahili Coast in trade?

It was a hub for trade in gold, ivory, timber, and slaves, with Muslim merchants participating in the Dar-Al Islam.

What was the political structure of the Hausa Kingdoms?

They were politically independent and thrived through trade in the Trans-Saharan Trade Network.

What was the role of Christianity in Ethiopia?

It contributed to wealth through trade and established a centralized government.

What was the impact of the Byzantine Empire after the fall of Rome?

It preserved Christianity and justified central power through Orthodox Christianity.

What was the significance of the Crusades?

They were military conflicts between Europeans and Muslims, often with Muslims emerging victorious.

What characterized the Silk Roads?

A series of trade routes in Eurasia that facilitated the exchange of goods, culture, religion, and innovation.

What luxury items were commonly traded along the Silk Roads?

Chinese silk and porcelain.

What innovations contributed to the increased trade during the period?

The rise of money economies, use of credit, and the establishment of banks.

What were caravanserais?

Houses or rest stops along trade routes that provided safety and facilitated cultural exchange.

How did the location of trading cities influence their power?

Cities located along trade routes gained significant economic and political influence.

What was the role of cultural diffusion along the Silk Roads?

It involved the sharing of ideas, religions, and innovations among different cultures.

What was the largest land-based empire in history?

The Mongols, who lived in the Gobi Desert.

Who united the Mongols and became their leader?

Temejin, also known as Chinggis Khan.

What was the significance of Kublai Khan in Mongolian history?

He set up the Yuan dynasty and was a Confucian ruler.

What system did the Mongols use to improve communication across their empire?

The Yam system.

What was the official writing system of the Mongols?

Uyghur scripture.

What caused the increased usage of sea routes in the Indian Ocean Trade Network?

The Mongol collapse made Silk Roads less safe, leading to greater maritime trade.

What technological advancements facilitated Indian Ocean trade?

The magnetic compass, astrolabe, lateen sails, and advancements in shipbuilding.

What were some key goods traded in the Indian Ocean Trade Network?

Cotton textiles, grains, and luxury goods.

What was the role of diasporic communities in trade?

They settled in new places while retaining their culture, facilitating cultural and technological transfers.

What was a significant factor in the expansion of the Trans-Saharan Trade Network?

Technological advancements such as the Arabian camel and camel saddles.

What goods were commonly traded in the Trans-Saharan Trade Network?

Gold, kola nuts, horses, and salt.

Who was Mansa Musa and what was his impact on trade?

He converted to Islam for trade, became wealthy, and invested gold, which caused gold rates to plummet.

What is cultural diffusion and how did it manifest during this period?

Cultural diffusion involved the spread of ideas and practices, such as Buddhism being explained through Chinese Daoism.

What technological advancements were transferred to Europe during the Renaissance?

Paper making technology, moveable type, and gunpowder.

How did the Mongols contribute to the spread of the Bubonic plague?

Their control of trade routes facilitated the spread of the disease, which killed 1/3 to 1/2 of the world population.

What characterized the land-based empires from 1450 to 1750?

They were all expanding, primarily due to gunpowder technology.

What was the Devshirme system in the Ottoman Empire?

A system where enslaved Christian boys were recruited for the imperial bureaucracy.

What was the outcome of the Safavid-Mughal conflicts?

Conflicts over control of the Persian Gulf, primarily between Shia and Sunni factions.

What led to the defeat of the Songhai Empire by the Moroccans?

The Moroccans used gunpowder technology to defeat the Songhai, who had grown powerful from gold and the Trans-Saharan trade.

What was the impact of increased wealth from trade on urbanization?

Increased wealth led to urbanization and greater influence and productivity in trading cities.

Who were Ibn Battuta and Marco Polo?

Ibn Battuta documented cultures globally, while Marco Polo wrote about Kublai Khan's court and China's wealth.

What agricultural products contributed to population growth in Africa?

Bananas and Champa rice, which improved health and increased food production.

What is the concept of 'Rule by Divine Right of Kings'?

Kings ruled by the will of Jesus, and opposing the king was seen as opposing God.

What was the significance of the Aztecs in terms of religion?

The Aztecs practiced sacrifice as a central part of their religious beliefs.

How did the Qing Dynasty display its power through art?

Paintings of the emperor were hung around the city to signify authority.

What was the purpose of Louis XIV's enormous palace in France?

It served as a symbol of royal power and extravagance.

How was the ruler of the Inca Sun Empire perceived in relation to divinity?

The ruler was associated with God, reinforcing their authority.

What was the Zamindar system in the Mughal Empire?

It involved collecting taxes throughout the territory.

How did the Ottomans utilize tax farming?

Tax farming enriched individuals who collected taxes, providing a reliable source of income.

What were the two main branches of Christianity in Europe?

East Orthodox and Roman Catholic.

What practice involved the sale of indulgences in the Christian Church?

It allowed for the forgiveness of sins in exchange for money or other perks.

What was Martin Luther's contribution to the Protestant Reformation?

He wrote the 95 theses, which criticized the Catholic Church and led to a split.

What was the Council of Trent?

A meeting held by the Catholic Church to address reforms and blame Martin Luther for the split.

What was the Bhakti movement in India?

It emphasized personal spiritual experience and devotion to God.

What is Sikhism known for in terms of social structure?

It rejected the caste system and hierarchies while maintaining beliefs in reincarnation and monotheism.

What technologies did Europe adopt for sea-based empires?

They adopted the magnetic compass, astrolabe, lateen sail, and astronomic charts.

What was the significance of the Portuguese caravel?

It was a smaller ship that allowed for easier navigation.

What was the role of the Dutch fluyt in trade?

It was designed specifically for trade, reducing production costs.

What were the main causes of European exploration during 1450-1750?

State-driven motives, military build-up, desire for wealth, and need for alternative routes to Asia.

What was the impact of the Columbian Exchange on the Americas?

It led to the transfer of diseases, food, and animals, resulting in significant population decline due to diseases.

What were some major crops transferred from the Old World to the New World?

Wheat, grapes, olives, and sugar.

What labor systems were established in the Americas during colonization?

Chattel slavery, indentured servitude, and the encomienda system.

What is mercantilism?

An economic theory focused on building wealth through a favorable balance of trade.

What was the role of joint stock companies in the economy?

They allowed for limited liability business ventures, often chartered by the state.

What was the significance of the Atlantic system?

It involved the movement of goods, wealth, and laborers across the Atlantic Ocean.

What were some social changes resulting from the rise of empires?

Changes included gender imbalances, shifts in family structures, and cultural synthesis.

What was the Enlightenment's impact on revolutions?

It provided new ideas about rationalism, individual rights, and social contracts, motivating revolutions.

What were the main causes of the American Revolution?

Taxation without representation and Enlightenment principles.

What was the outcome of the French Revolution?

It emphasized natural rights and popular sovereignty.

What was the significance of the Haitian Revolution?

It was a revolt for rights led by Toussaint Louverture.

What characterized the Industrial Revolution?

A transition to machinery production that restructured societal roles and increased wealth.

What was the role of steam engines in the Industrial Revolution?

They provided mechanical energy that increased production speed and efficiency.

How did the Meiji Restoration impact Japan?

It led to industrialization and modernization by borrowing from Western powers.