AP WORLD STUDY GUIDE

Bubonic Plague

Method of transmission: Rats and fleas on ships spread it everywhere
Where: Begun in southern China and killed 30m ppl there and spread to the Mongols and a majority of western Europe

Monsoons

They were a weather system, associated with winds and carried ppl to Africa for trade (across indian ocean), but they would need to wait about 6 months for the wind direction to change to bring them somewhere new.

Sinicization

Making things Chinese, spread of Chinese civilization.

Timur the Lame (Tamerlane)

A Turkic warrior who started the last major nomadic invasion and took over Timurid

Cultural diffusion

Spread Diseases (Bubonic plague), goods (silk, spices), ideas (technological innovations/religions [Islam, Christianity, Buddhism]).

Urbanization

City building---> China is most urbanized in 1200-1450

Swahili city-states

Names: Kilwa, Mombasa, Zanzibar, Pemba, Pate, Malindi, and Sofala, etc.
Traded: Ivory, wood, animal skins, gold, slave trade.

Religious vs. secular leaders in Europe (The Pope/Roman Catholics & the Emperor)

Fought over who got to appoint the church officials. (lay investiture controversy)

Which trade routes were functional
when?

Silk road (Eurasian), Indian Ocean Basin (Indian Ocean), Trans-Saharan (gold salt trade). All lasted from 1200 - 1450.

Reason why Mongols stopped invading Europe (halted Mongol expansion in 1241)

Ogodei Khan had died so the Mongols had to go back to Mongolia and vote for a new leader

Cathay

China

Pax Mongolica

The era of peace and prosperity facilitated by the Mongol empire (Mongol Peace)

Papermaking

In China (Invented by Han Dynasty)

Mongol invasions

They took: China, Russia, Persia
They didn't take: Japan, Western Europe, India, Tropical jungles of Southeast Asia, Egypt, Palestine

Why did nomadic people invade?

To control trade

Importance of Strait of Malacca

Controlled ships from China and could tax them, it was a chokepoint.

Japanese emperors

Worthless, No power. Collect tax money. Emperor was more spiritual figure than political.

Japanese group with most power in during the years 800 - 1900 CE

The elites/Shogun/nobles

Trans-Saharan empires

Went through North Africa and took salt-->Ghana, Mari, Songhai, Timbuktu

Angkor Wat

A Buddhist/Hindu temple in Cambodia that has Indian and Chinese elements in it.

Which religions went where in the Indian
Ocean?

Buddhism, Hinduism, Islam to Southeast Asia by trade

Primary participants of IOBT (Indian Ocean Basin Trade)

Indian ocean, Persia, India, Arabs, China, East Africa, Southeast Asia

What groups traded in the Indian Ocean?

China, East Africa, India (Delhi Sultanate), Southeast Asia, Islamic empire/Arabia

Significance of Charlemagne

Roman emperor who took out the dark ages? United much of Western Europe during the early Middle Ages

Marco Polo

Significance: Italian that went to China and got put in jail in Italy during war.
Effect: Told ppl his story which becomes a book and inspires ppl.

How did Marco Polo increase European interest in Asia?

He wrote about his travels to Asia

Religions Spread on silk trade route

Islam, Christianity, Buddhism

Ibn Battuta

Muslim scholar, traveled the Muslim world, left behind observation journals of how Islam was practiced in different areas.

Importance of temples of South India, how else were they use other than for religious purposes between 1200-1450?

Money storage for people, community centers. It was used as a rest place/stop for merchants traveling across trade routes???

Mongol military tactics

Horses, bows, siege, borrowing from others (Chinese Technology)

Golden Age of Islam

Abbasid Caliphate

Christian centers in Africa

Ethiopia and Egypt (Coptic church)

Trade impact on language

In Africa--> Swahili = Bantu + Arab

What were the negative aspects of trade across Afro-Eurasia?

Spread disease

How did merchants spread their religion to areas where they were trading?

Merchants, especially Islamic ones, set up diasporic communities along the trade routes and spread their religion; Europe remained unchanged

What areas remained largely unchanged by the spread of religion?

Central and Southeast Asia, parts of Sub-Saharan Africa, and the Pacific Island??

What goods were traded from Mombasa and Mogadishu?

ivory, gold, iron goods, slaves, tortoiseshells, quartz, leopard skins

Why did most empires want to expand?

To support growing populations, gain more land/resources, and get more power

What new model of civilization began in Europe during the Post-Classical Period?

Feudalism/manorialism

Trade in the Indian Ocean depended on knowledge of what?

Monsoon winds

What made Constantinople a successful trade empire?

Its location as a port city

What region did the Turkic groups expand to under Timur?

Persia, Russia, India

What impact did Mongol control of the Silk Road have on merchants?

It benefited merchants because the Mongols supported traders and gave greater security to Silk Road trade

How did religions spread during the Post-Classical Period (600 - 1450 CE)?

Through trade routes & diasporic merchant communities & conquest

How did the Mongols use ideas and culture from the people they conquered?

Culture diffusion: adopting administrative systems, utilizing skilled artisans and scholars from different regions, promoting trade and cultural exchange across their vast empire, and even incorporating elements of conquered cultures into their own art and lifestyle, essentially creating a multicultural environment to effectively govern their diverse territories

How did cultural diversity allow for Muslim Advancements?

Translations/combining ideas

Contention

Dispute

Tithes

Paying churches

Indigenous

Native

hierarchy

Class levels