Outcome 1 - Movement of heat energy

• Convection is the transfer of heat by the movement of a fluid (liquid or gas) between areas of different temperatures. (Think: Convection Currents)

• Conduction is the transfer of heat through collisions of particles, especially in metallic objects on a stove

• The sun heats the earth via radiation waves, which heat the ground

Outcome 2 - Waves and Energy

• Energy is transferred through vibrations in electric and magnetic fields, the length of the waves dictates the kind of energy it is

• The wavelength is the distance between points on a consecutive wave (the length of space between the two highest/lowest points)

• The amplitude is the distance between the origin and the crest or trough

• Frequency is the number of waves that pass a point per unit of time

• Speed = Wavelength * Frequency

Outcome 3 - Sound Energy

• Sound moves through vibrations in the particles all around us, sound moves more quickly through denser objects as there are more particles that it can pass through in a shorter amount of time, such as water. Sound vibrations can also be sent back when they come into contact with an object that they are unable to pass through, creating an echo.

Outcome 4 - Properties of Light

• Absorption of light is how we can see colour, as certain wavelengths can be absorbed and reflected as they come into contact with an object. For example, for a green leaf, all the colours would have to be absorbed except for the green light wavelength which allows the leaf to appear green. For an object to appear black, it would have to absorb all of the light waves, and for an object to appear white, it would reflect the light.

• Refraction is where light is bent as is passes through an object with a different density (such as water or a triangular prism)

• Light can also change direction entirely as it bounces off of a reflective surface, such as a mirror. This is called reflection

Outcome 5 - Electromagnetic Spectrum

• (halfway done! 😊)

• Electromagnetic waves have a vast range of practical everyday applications that includes such diverse uses as communication by cell phone and radio broadcasting, WiFi, cooking, vision, medical imaging, and treating cancer.

• The different categories of electromagnetic waves differ in their wavelength range, or equivalently, in their corresponding frequency ranges. Their properties change smoothly from one frequency range to the next, with different applications in each range.

Outcome 6 - Theory of Continental Drift

• The theory of continental drift is the idea that the continents are shifting over time, and is one of the earliest ways that geologists were able to identify how continents moved over time

• Evidence of this theory was found in fossils located on the coastlines of continents hundreds of thousands of kilometres away from each other being the same, as well as the rock layers found at these coastlines being extremely similar

• The theory of plate tectonics, the idea that there were plates above the mantle that could converge and diverge to create new landforms, and move entire masses of land, contributed to this theory and helped it make a lot more sense

• In 1912 a German meteorologist called Alfred Wegener came up with the idea of continental drift when he noticed these similarities in fossils!

Outcome 7 - Mechanism of Plate Movement

• Convection currents beneath the Earth’s plates move them in different directions. It causes rocks to expand, shift, spread apart, and collide.

Outcome 8 - Plate Tectonics & Landforms

• Plates grinding together creates pressure, which when released, forms earthquakes.

• A convergent boundary is when two plates collide, and one is subducted.

• When plates move apart from one another, this causes the formation of trenches.

• A divergent boundary causes the moving apart of two plates as magma rises up and causes the formation of volcanos.

Outcome 9 - Impacts of Natural Events

• Natural disasters can cause many different side attacks aside from the immediate damage caused by the disaster. It can cause the destruction of property which leads to more pollution, over-watering of fertile soil rendering farms unusable, and carrying many toxic chemicals into the ocean.

Outcome 10 - Technology, global patterns & geological activity

• New scientific advancements have led to our ability to see where in the world we are the most prone to specific natural disasters and can let us track the severity of these disasters. Especially in the ring of fire, we can use seismic imagery to predict severe earthquakes to be able to evacuate those at risk!