Introduction of Diagnostic Bacteriology

Microbiology

Branch of biology which deals with the study of living organisms that are too small to be seen by the naked eye

Medical Microbiology

branch of medical science which deals with the study of medically important microorganisms, specifically their role in human disease which includes diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of infectious diseases.

Diagnostic Bacteriology

A branch of medical microbiology that focuses on the laboratory identification of medically important bacteria by phenotypical and genotypical characterization including antibiotic susceptibility testing.

Microbes

organisms that are too small to be seen without using a microscope

ubiquitous meaning they are virtually everywhere.

Virus

very simple microbes, consisting of nucleic acid, a few proteins, and (in some) a lipid envelope.

completely dependent on the cells they infect for their survival and replication

Bacteria

with both RNA and DNA, metabolic machinery for self-replication, and a complex cell wall structure. (ASEXUAL)

Yeast

Fungi that subdivided into single-celled organisms

Molds

Fungi that multi-celled organisms

Dimorphic Fungi

with a few medically important members existing in both forms

Protozoa

Parasites that subdivided into single-celled organisms

Worms and bugs

Parasites that multi-celled organisms

Pathogens

disease causing microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, protozoans, and viruses.

Infectious Disease

When pathogen colonizes the body

Microbial intoxication

When a person ingests a toxin (poisonous substances) , and microbes produces toxins

True Pathogen and Opportunistic Pathogens

Two types of Pathogens

True Pathogen

refers to an organism that will cause disease in a healthy host

Opportunistic Pathogens

refers to organisms that will cause disease in an immunocompromised host.

Pathogenecity

refers to the ability of an organism to cause disease in a host organism.

Virulence

refers to the degree of pathogenicity; the power by which a pathogen can cause severe disease

Virulence Factors

refers to any genetic, biochemical, or structural features that enable a pathogen to cause disease in a host organism.

Infection

refers to the entry, invasion and multiplication of pathogens in or on to the host body system which results to subsequent tissue injury and progress to overt disease

Endogenous Infection

infection arising from colonizing flora.

Exogenous Infection

infection arising from invading pathogen from the external environment

Acute Infection

rapid/sudden onset of signs and symptoms which are usually severe to fatal that may lead to death

Chronic Infection

gradual onset of signs and symptoms that are usually mild to moderate that may progress to long standing infection

nosocomial infection

infection acquired during hospitalization

Zoonic Infection

is an animal disease which can spread to humans; animal acquired infection

Asymptomatic

no obvious appearance of signs and symptoms and the person is unaware of the infection

Symptomatic

associated with presence of overt signs and symptoms of the disease

disease

an altered health state in an infected host

Infectious Disease

is an illness caused by a pathogen which invades body tissues and causes damage

Communicable disease

is an infectious disease that is capable of spreading from person to person.

Symptoms

refers to any subjective evidence of disease

Signs

refers to readily observable evidence of disease.

Normal Flora

bacteria that are in or on different sites of the body that usually do not harm the host unless the host defense is compromised

Colonization

refers to the establishment of a substantial number of microorganisms usually in the skin or mucosa but there's no penetration of tissues.

presence of microorganism without interaction.

Pestilence

represent the first recorded epidemic

Bubonic Plague

1900 BC, near the end of the Trojan War, the Greek army was decimated by an epidemic of what is thought to have been

Ebers Papyrus

1500 BC

Smallpox occurred in China

1122 BC

Syphilis

\-first appearance in Europe in 1493

\-Neapolitan Disease

\-French or Spanish Disease

\-French pox

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek

first person to see live bacteria and protozoa

"Father of Microbiology"

"Father of Bacteriology"

"Father of Protozoology"

single- lens microscopes or simple microscopes.

he observed various tiny living creatures, which he called "animalcules."

Louis Pasteur

demonstrated that different types of microbes produce different fermentation products

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Theory of spontaneous generation

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Theory of biogenesis

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He introduced the terms "aerobes" and "anaerobes"

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Pasteurization- heating liquids to 63-65'C for 30 mins or 73-75'C for 15 secs

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Germ theory of disease- "specific microbes cause infectious diseases"

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developed vaccines to prevent chicken cholera, anthrax, and swine erysipelas.

Robert Koch

discovered that B. anthracis produces spores

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developed methods of fixing, staining, and photographing bacteria

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discovered the bacterium (M. tuberculosis) that causes tuberculosis and the bacterium (Vibrio cholerae) that causes cholera.

Tyndalization

provided the initial evidence that some of the microbes in dust and air have very high heat resistance and that particularly vigorous treatment is required to destroy them

Ferdinand Cohn

clarified the reason that heat would sometimes fail to completely eliminate all microorganisms.

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he stablished " STERILE"

Sterile

completely free of all life forms (including spores) and virus particles

Dr. Oliver Wendell Holmes

observed that mothers who gave birth at home experienced fewer infections than did mothers who gave birth in the hospital.

Robert Hooke

(1665) Publication of the first description of microbes

Dr. Ignaz Semmelweis

showed quite clearly that women became infected in the maternity ward after examinations by physicians coming directly from the autopsy room.

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"Father of hand hygiene"

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Hypochlorite solution

Joseph Lister

introduce aseptic techniques

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

(1667) Observation of "Little Animals"

Edward Jenner

(1796) Smallpox Vaccination - First Scientific Validation

Ignaz Semmelweis

(1850) Advocating Handwashing in the prevention of the spread of disease

Louis Pasteur

(1861) Spontaneous Generation Disproved

Louis Pasteur

(1862) Publication of the paper supporting the germ theory of disease

Joseph Lister

(1867) Practice of Antiseptic Surgery

Robert Koch

(1876) Discovery of Bacillus Anthracis which became the first proof of germ theory

Robert Koch

(1881) Utilization of solid culture media for bacterial growth

Robert Koch

(1882) Outlined Koch' Postulate

Paul Erlich

Development of Acid Fast Stain

Hans Christian Gram

(1884) Gram Stain Developed

Louis Pasteur

(1885) First Rabies Vaccination

Richard Petri

(1887) Invention of Petri dish

Dmitri Iosifovich Ivanovski

(1892) Discovery of Viruses

T.Smith

(1893) Zoonosis - First Describe

Martinus Beijerinck

(1899) Viral Dependence on living Host Cells for reproduction recognized

Walter Reed

(1900) Proof the mosquitoes carry the agent of yellow fever

Paul Erlich

(1910) Discovered the cure for syphilis

Alexander Fleming

(1928) Discovery of Penicillin

J. Watson

(1953) Proposed and build the DNA Model

W.Gilbert

(1977) Development of the DNA sequencing method

Kary Mulis

(1983) Invention of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

(1995) Publication of the first microbial genomic sequence

The institute for genomic Research (TIGR)

Bacteriologist

scientist who specializes in bacteriology— the study of the structure, functions, and activities of bacteria.

Phycologist

Scientists specializing in the field of phycology (or algology) study the various types of algae

Protozoologists

Explore the area of protozoology—the study of protozoa and their activities.

Mycologist

Those who specialize in the study of fungi, or mycology

Virologists and Cell Biologist

may become genetic engineers who transfer genetic material (deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA) from one cell type to another.

Treponema pallidum

bacteria that causes syphilis