PHON Topics 1-4

Phonetics

the study of the production and perception of speech sounds

Articulatory Phonetics

physiological mechanisms of speech production

Acoustic Phonetics

physical properties of sound waves produced in speech

Perceptual/Auditory Phonetics

study of the identification and interpretation of speech sounds by listeners

Clinical Phonetics

the study and transcription of speech sound disorders

Form

Phonetics - concerned with the _______________ of the speech sounds
- How speech sounds are produced

Function

concerned with the __________________ of the sound system:
- How speech sounds are organized in the language to create meaning

IPA

International Phonetic Alphabet

Phonology

the systematic organization of speech sounds in the production of language

phonetics focuses on the study of speech sounds, their acoustic and perceptual characteristics, and how they are produced by the speech organs. Phonology focuses on the linguistic (phonological) rules that are used to specify the manner in which speech sounds are organized and combined into meaningful units, which are then combined to form syllables, words, and sentences.

The major distinction between the fields of phonetics and phonology is...

dialect

a variation of speech or language based on geographical area, native language background, and social or ethnic group membership

involves pronunciation of words, grammar (syntax) and vocabulary usage

a set of symbols (such as the IPA) used for phonetic transcription

What is a phonetic alphabet?

Because we can write down the pronunciation EXACTLY how they said it, not how the word is said correctly

Why is it important to use a phonetic alphabet in transcription of individuals with speech sound disorders?

Variation due to method learned, personal habit and preference

Why is there variation in phonetic transcription from professional to professional?

Consonants

Speech sounds that occur when the airflow is obstructed in some way by your mouth, teeth, or lips.

pulmonic consonants

consonants that are formed simply by expelling air from the lungs and disturbing that air

non-pulmonic consonants

1. clicks
2. voiced implosives
3. ejectives
These sounds are made with vocal tract actions that generate sound in the absence of an egressive airstream from the lungs

Egressive

associated with outflowing air; egressive sounds are formed from an outflowing airstream

Ingressive

sounds produced with an inward flow of air

Place, Manner, and
Voicing

classification of consonants

vowels

spoken with unobstructed airflow

Vowel Quadrilateral

diagram representing the tongue positions of height and advancement for vowels

Diacritics

marks added to sound transcription symbols to give them a particular phonetic value

Suprasegmentals

Loudness, pitch, rate, stress, volume, length, juncture

phone

sound, voice

Virgules

slash marks used to enclose phonemic symbols
(broad transcription)

Brackets

used in narrow transcription

phonetic alphabet

An alphabet that maintains a one-to-one relationship between a sound and a particular alphabet letter

graphemes

printed letters

Allographs

different letter sequences or patterns that represent the same sound

digraphs

two letters that represent one speech sound, such as "ch" for /ch/ in chin or "ea" for /e/ in bread.

morpheme

in a language, the smallest unit that carries meaning; may be a word or a part of a word (such as a prefix)

free morphemes

can stand alone as words

bound morphemes

cannot stand alone

free morphemes vs bound morphemes

Free morphemes can stand alone (i.e. 'love') whereas bound morphemes must be attached to another morpheme to carry meaning (i.e. 'ed' in 'loved')

phoneme

in language, the smallest distinctive sound unit

*capable of differentiating morphemes and therefore is capable of distinguishing meaning.

minimal pairs

a pair of words that differ by only 1 phoneme (dog/bog)

Allophone

Variants of the phoneme

any of the speech sounds that represent a single phoneme, such as the aspirated k in kit and the unaspirated k in skit, which are allophones of the phoneme k.

complementary distribution

allophone production that is tied to a particular phonetic environment

free variation

refers to allophone production that is not tied to a particular phonetic environment

syllable

a unit of pronunciation having one vowel sound, with or without surrounding consonants, forming the whole or a part of a word

onset

The
onset of a syllable consists of all the consonants that precede a vowel, as in the
words "*spl*it," "*tr*ied," and "*f*ast"

Rhyme

Repetition of vowel sound
makes up nucleus and coda

consonant cluster

two or three contiguous consonants in the same syllable

nucleus

part of the rhyme, typically the vowel

syllabic consonants

when consonants take on the role of vowels
e.g. rhythm, button and bottle

/m n l /

list of syllabic consonats

coda

includes either single consonants or consonant clusters that follow the nucleus of a syllable

open syllables

Syllables that end with a vowel phoneme (no coda) are called

closed syllables

syllables that end with a consonant phoneme are called

syllable tree

syllable, onset, rhyme, nucleus, coda

diphthong

The sound produced by combining two vowels in to a single syllable or running together the sounds.

canonical syllable

indicates how many consonants may occur both before and after the vowel nucleus in any one syllable

3

In English, up to how many cosonants may precede a vowel?

4

In English, up to how many cosonants may follow a vowel?

word stress/lexical stress

the production of a syllable with increased force or muscular energy, resulting in a syllable that is perceived as being louder, longer in duration, and higher in pitch; also known as word accent

word class

the grammatical category into which words can be placed, including noun, adjective, verb, adverb, determiner, pronoun, preposition, conjunction

broad transcription/phonemic transcription

transcription of speech, making no attempt at transcribing allophonic variation

narrow transcription/allophonic transcription

relies on diacritics to show modifications in the production of a vowel or consonant phoneme during transcription

systematic transcription

A transcription that knowingly represents the regularities of a language's unique phonology

impressionistic transcription

allophonic transcription of an unknown speaker or an unknown language

Spoonerism

An often comical switching of the first sounds of two or more words

Syllabification

Breaking words down into their syllables

Maximal Onset Principle

Consonants usually precede vowels; more frequently than not, they constitute the onset of syllabic groupings.

ambisyllabicity

same consonant behaves both as a coda of preceding syllable and as the onset of following syllable at the same time

sonority

the loudness of a sound relative to that of other sounds with the same length, stress, and pitch

Peak and Trough

tbd

A digraph is a pair of letters that represent one sound. An allograph is differing letter sequences representing the same phoneme.

What is the difference between a digraph and an allograph?

1. One alphabet letter can represent more than one sound.

2. The same sound can be represented by more than one letter or sequence of letters.

3. Spelling words can also include silent letters

Discuss three ways in which English spelling principles deviate from the ways words are pronounced

A morpheme is the smallest unit of meaning that cannot be further divided

A phoneme is the smallest unit of spoken sound and is often the one thing that distinguishes one word from another

a grapheme is the smallest unit of a written language whether or not it carries meaning or corresponds to a single phoneme.

Difference between morpheme, phoneme, grapheme.

Because they still have the same sound meaning. For example, the word cats can be produced /cadz/ or /cats/, but it still has the same meaning.

Why are allophones not considered to be phonemes?

to provide a unique symbol for each distinctive sound in a language

What is the purpose of the IPA?

It can be defined in more than one way and phoneticians and linguists do not agrees on the actual definition of a syllable.

Why is the term syllable difficult to define?

include onset, rhyme, coda, nucleus in definition

Explain syllable trees

they vary by 2 phonemes instead of 1

Why are the words "spread" and "bread" not minimal pairs?

An open syllable ends with a vowel sound that is spelled with a single vowel letter

A closed syllable ends with a consonant

What is the difference between an open and a closed syllable?

there is one set of environments for one phone and a completely different set of environments for the other

free variation is the phenomenon of two sounds or forms appearing in the same environment without a change in meaning and without being considered incorrect by native speakers

complementary distribution vs. free variation

Broad transcription indicates only the most noticeable phonetic features of an utterance, whereas narrow transcription encodes more information about the phonetic characteristics of the allophones in the utterance.

What is the difference between phonemic (broad) and allophonic (narrow) transcription?