apush unit 2

Seven Years’ War (French & Indian War)

The fourth and most decisive war of the 74 year period of British conflict. It took place largely in the colonies rather than Europe and was fought between the British vs the French and Natives.

Fort Duquesne [doo-kayne]

The first “battle of the Seven Years’ War was held over this. Colonel George Washington led a militia to attempt to stop the French from completing it as it was attempting to halt the growth of British colonies. They surrendered to the French in 1754.

General Braddock

He led a failed expedition from Virginia in 1755. 2000 troops died as a result.

William Pitt

British Prime Minister who focused the military on conquering Canada. Conquering the rivers and lakes that help French trade is much more efficient.

James Wolfe

General who Quebec was surrendered to in 1759.

Battle of Quebec

One of the battles that took place in 1759 after William Pitt focused strategy on Canada. Led by General James Wolfe.

Battle of Montreal

Battle in which British victory occurred in 1760. One of the battles that took place after William Pitt focused strategy on Canada.

Treaty of Paris (1763)

British gained both Spanish Florida and French Canada. French ceded Louisiana territory to Spain. French control on the continent ended.

Albany Plan of Union

Created at a Congress in Albany, New York in 1754 by Benjamin Franlin to better coordinate colonial troops. It provided a intercolonial government with system for troop recruitment and taxes. Never took effect because each colony had its own policy which they preffered. But, it did set a precdent for future congresses.

Benjamin Franklin

Created the Albany Plan of Union

“Join or Die”

By Benjamin Franklin (1754), a political cartoon commenting on the disunity of the Thirteen Colonies during the French and Indian War. It was later used to encourage the colonies to unite for the cause of independence during the American Revolutionary War.

backcountry

The foothills of the Chesapeake, also known as Piedmont, less populated, seen as less than the people who lived on the coast.

Mercantilism

Economic policy in which countries compete to have the biggest percentage of the set amount of wealth in the world. This was an initial cause for exploration.

Sugar Act of 1764

Taxes on molasses to help pay for French and Indian War. The tax is half of what it was before though – from 6 to 3. Actually enforced which is what upset Americans.

Quartering Act 1765

required the colonies to house British soldiers in barracks provided by the colonies. New York resists which leads to the New York Restraining Act where they threaten to dissolve New York assmbly

Stamp Act (1765)

Taxes on stamps to help pay for French and Indian War

Declaratory Act (1766)

Gave parliament full authority to govern colonies

Townshend Acts (1767)

Placed new taxes on glass, lead, paper, tea, and paint. Expected to cover 10% of britains expenses

writs of assistance

documents which served as a general search warrant, allowing customs officials to enter any ship or building that they suspected for any reason might hold smuggled goods

Vice admiralty courts

military tribunals composed only of a judge, not local common

Tea Act

Lord North created the tea act because though it was risky, England did still need money. Smaller tea taxes.

Intolerable Acts (1774)

A reaction to Boston Tea party. Closed Boston port and ended massachusetts charter. Colonists did not back down and continued to protest

Quebec Act

It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law; this law nullified many of the Western claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west

George III

King during the time of the Intolerable acts. Many colonists were still loyal to him but not parliament

George III

King during the time of the Intolerable acts. Many colonists were still loyal to him but not parliament

Whigs: They wanted parliament to have more power in decision making. Opposed the tories who sided with the monarchy.

Edmund Burke: Sympathized with colonists and coined the term “salutary neglect”

Parliament: Made the policies on taxes and trade that most affected colonists. Colonists did not have a voice in parliament.

Lord North: The replacement for Towsnsende when he died. Saw that taxing the colonies was sometimes costing more than it was worth

Enlightenment

The time of philosophical though following the scientific revolution occurring during the 1600s and 1700s.

deism

belief in the existence of a supreme being, specifically of a creator who does not intervene in the universe. The term is used chiefly of an intellectual movement of the 17th and 18th centuries that accepted the existence of a creator on the basis of reason but rejected belief in a supernatural deity who interacts with humankind.

John Locke

An Englightenment philosopher who focused on social contract between a person and government (gov should serve citizens

natural rights

The inalienable rights a person has (life, liberty, property) another John Locke idea.

Patrick Henry

One of the politicians who helped the movement to Independence in Virginia during the 1770s, he's one of the Founding Fathers, and led oppositions to many of the oppressive Acts. Known for "Give me Laverty or give me Death!"

Stamp Act Congress

The group of 9 colonies that come together to discuss the stamp act

Sons of Liberty

Harassed local tax collectors following the Stamp and Sugar Acts.

boycotts

British goods were boycotted by colonial merchants. They said they would boycott until the stamp act was removed. More happened after the townsend act as well.

committees of correspondence

network that allowed all colonies to act together to keep up boycotts. Dont let british ships even show up post

Boston Massacre (1770)

Because troops are stationed in civilian areas, 5 people got shot, some were harassing the soldiers and one shot into the crowd.

Samuel Adams

Said the colonies had governed themself from the beginning and it should be that way

Boston Tea Party

To protest tea act, colonists dressed as native americans and boarded a ship to dump tons of tea into the harbor

John Adams

Most radical demands of Britain at the first Continental Congress.

John Dickinson

Moderate demands of Britain at the Continental Congress. In 1768 he wrote an editorial called letters from a pennsylvania which argues why boycotting british is absolutely necessary.

Patrick Henry

Most radical demands of Britain at the first Continental Congress.

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote Declaration of Independence.

First Continental Congress

Delegates from every state attended in Sept 1774 to protest parliamentary infringement of rights following the Intolerable Acts. They decided to a) call for the repeal of the Intolerable Acts b) passed Declaration of Resolves which asked king to restore colonial rights c) created the Continental Association to enforce Suffolk Resolevs (economic) d) resololved to meet again in May of 1775 if things were not fixed. The king rejected their demands.

2nd Continental Congress

Met in Philadelphia in May 1775. The colonies were divided on whether declaring independence was necessary. They did many things though. Military: Washington Commander in Chief, Arnold raid Quebec, called on colonies to supply army under Declaration of the Causes and Necessities for taking up Arms. Peace Efforts: Sent Olive Branch Petition to George iii in July 1775 in which they loyalty and asked the king to ensure parliament gave colonies rights. King dismissed it and banned all trade with colonies. Paine argued for independence with an essay titled Common Sense. Declaration of Indepednece in July 1776: initially put forth by richard henry lee in june

Olive Branch Petition

Sent Olive Branch petition to George iii in July 1775 in which they pledge loyalty and asked the king to ensure parliament gave colonies rights at 2nd Continental Congress.

Common Sense

Thomas Paine argued for independence with an essay titled Common Sense. Argued that it did not make sense for Engalnd to rule a bigger and far away nation, and for Americans to be okay with the kings unjust rule.

Declaration of Independence

In July 1776, the 2nd continental congress adopted Thomas Jeffersons work. Gave a basic outline of what the colonies thought a just government looked like and declared America separate from England.

Patriots/Whigs

Participated in the struggle for independence. Mostly from New England and Virginia and eventually included African Americans.

Loyalists/Tories

Supported and fought with British. Were sometimes joined by native americans because of promised land in the west.

minutemen

Ready at Lexington for the Birtish after they are warned.

Benedict Arnold

Was authorized to raid Quebec by 2nd Continental Congress to take canada from britain.

Charles Cornwallis

Commanded the British army that surrendered at Yorktown.

George Rogers Clark

Led American army to capture a series of forts in 1778

Marquis de Lafayette

French aristocrat and military officer who served as a general during the Revolution

George Washington

Moderate demands of Britain at the first Continental Congress. Appointed Commander in Chief of new colonial army at 2nd contintal congress.

Lexington

In April 1775 General Gage ordered troops to march and seize the military weapons there; America conceded.

Concord

Continuning the march from Lexington, the military arrived at Concord and destroyed military supplies there. They were attacked by Americans on the way back to Boston.

Bunker Hill

In June 1775 the first true battle was fought at Breed’s hill near Bunker Hill. Britain won but Americans inflicted many casualties on the British army.

Battle of Trenton

Valley Forge

Winter of 1777

Battle of Saratoga

(Oct 1777) Victory for America and led to French allying with America to weaken their foe Britain.

Treaty of Alliance (1778)

a defensive agreement stating that France would ally with the United States if the former went to war with Britain.

Battle of Yorktown

(1781) Last battle of the war took place in Virginia on the Chesapeak bay. Washington’s army forced the surrender of the British.

Treaty of Paris of 1783

Recognized America as an independent nation, decided the Missippi river was America’s boundary, gave American fishing rights on Canadian coasts, Americans would still pay debts to british merchants.

privateering

Privateering was a wartime practice in which a belligerent power would authorize its citizens to operate privately owned ships in campaigns against enemy

checks and balances

A system in which the power of each branch is limited by the powers of the others

Articles of Confederation

Proposed in 1777, but not ratified until 1781, the Articles of Confederation established a confederal system of government in which the majority of power (sovereignty) resided with state governments. One of its major weaknesses was commerce.

Northwest Ordinance of 1787

Under the ordinance, slavery was forever outlawed from the lands of the Northwest Territory, freedom of religion and other civil liberties were guaranteed, the resident Indians were promised decent treatment, and education was provided for.

Land Ordinance of 1785

Lays out system for west land

Shays's Rebellion

A rebellion by small farmers in Massachusetts due to the debt they owed to Boston merchants under the Articles of Confederation. They called for revisions to the way Massachusetts legislatures were run and wanted to abolish the lower courts.

Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom

a statement about both freedom of conscience and the principle of separation of church and state. Written by Thomas Jefferson and passed by the Virginia General Assembly on January 16, 1786, it is the forerunner of the first amendment protections for religious freedom.

James Madison

One of the people that worked on specifically writing the articles of the constitution.

Alexander Hamiliton

One of the people that worked on specifically writing the articles of the constitution.

Gouverneur Morris

One of the people that worked on specifically writing the articles of the constitution.

John Dickinson

One of the people that worked on specifically writing the articles of the constitution.

Federalists

People who supported a strong federal government and hence the ratification of the constitution.

Anti

Federalists

The Federalist Papers

A series of 85 persuasive essays published by John Jay, James Madison and Alexander Hamilton to persuade the states to support ratification.

Bill of Rights

The first amendments to the constitution. Their original nonexistence was what made many states wary of voting yes on ratification.

Annapolis Convention

A conference with representatives of five states who decided to to hold an official convention in philadelphia.

checks and balances

A system in which the power of each branch is limited by the powers of the others

Virginia Plan

Favored larger states on the issue of apportioning seats in Congress. (For going by population)

New Jersey Plan

Favored smaller states on the issue of apportioning seats in Congress. (Against going by population)

Great Compromise

Proposed a two house legislature in which one house would be apportioned by population and one would be equal.

Three

Fifths Compromise

electoral college

A system in which electors would vote for the president based on a popular vote rather than direct democracy

Washington’s Farewell Address

Gave advice to future presidents on how to preside. Warned of getting involved in foreign affairs, forming political parties, and falling into sectionalism.

“permanent alliances”

Warned against by Washington in his farewell address, these were largely avoided in foreign affairs.

slave trade

A issue of contention at the Constitutional Convention. The delegates decided to allow it for 20 mores years and Congress could decide how to proceed in 1808.

national bank

As the third main goal of Hamilton’s Financial Program, this bank was eventually created and supported by Washington but opposed by Jefferson. It was privately owned but the government had the power to print currency and make deposits to stimulate business.

tariffs

The Commercial Compromise allowed Congress to place tariffs on imports but they could not tax exports.

excise taxes

Taxes on good and services, like whiskey, imposed due to the decline in tax revenue caused by lessened tariffs.

assumption

In order to effectively build public credit, Hamilton proposed that the federal government assume the war debts of the states.

Battle of Fallen Timbers

US Army defeated Confederacy tribes in northwestern Ohio.

Treaty of Greenville (1795)

The Chiefs of the defeated tribes agreed to open up the land in the ohio River Valley to settlement.

Public Land Act (1796)

After the Jay Treat and the Battle of Fallen Timbers the federal government had a lot of new unsettled land. This Act created a process for buying land and led to the creation of Tenessee and Kentucky.

French Revolution

A conflict that took place during Washington and Adams’ presidencies. Many sympathized with the French revolutionaries but the US government was technically allied with the monarchy.