D202 Human Growth and Development Multiple Choice Quiz

What are two things that can cause pregnancy loss during the embryonic period? Choose 2 answers.

The zygote does not replicate

Gross chromosomal abnormalities

Exposure to harmful substances

Gross chromosomal abnormalities

Exposure to harmful substances

Correct:

"Gross chromosomal abnormalities" is correct. Some organisms fail during the embryonic period, usually due to gross chromosomal abnormalities.

"Exposure to harmful substances" is correct. During the embryonic period, the embryo is most vulnerable to harmful substances and many mothers may not yet be aware that they are pregnant or may not be aware of the risks they introduce to the embryo.

By which period of prenatal development have the majority of the neurons in the brain developed?

Zygotic period

Germinal period

Embryonic period

Fetal period

Fetal period

When is an APGAR assessment conducted on infants?

One month after birth

One week after birth

One to two days after birth

One to five minutes after birth

Correct:

The APGAR assessment is conducted between one minute and five minutes after birth.

What is postpartum depression?

A serious mental illness that can affect a new mother following childbirth

A common, temporary state of sadness in the mother, right after childbirth

An elevated sense of worry about the infant following childbirth

Unusual sadness occurring in the period following childbirth

Correct:

Postpartum depression is an unusual sadness occurring in the period following childbirth.

What is an example of the cephalocaudal pattern of growth and motor development in infants?

Controlling the legs and feet before controlling the arms and hands

Controlling trunk muscles before controlling legs and feet

Using fingers before using whole hands

Crawling before grasping objects with hands

Controlling trunk muscles before controlling legs and feet

Correct:

The cephalocaudal path refers to motor development proceeding from head to tail.

At what age do a young child's eyes start to reach adult levels of development and allow them to see sharp detail?

At three months

At birth

At fifteen months

At eight weeks

At fifteen months

Correct:

The part of the eye that makes up the central field of vision in the retina and allows people to see sharp detail starts to reach adult levels of development at 15 months.

What are teratogens?

Axons that form neural pathways

Environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects

Regions of the brain that contain cell bodies

Dendrites

Environmental factors that can contribute to birth defects

Correct:

Teratogens include some maternal diseases, pollutants, drugs, and alcohol.

Which disorder is an autosomal dominant disorder?

Tourette syndrome

Sickle cell disease

Cystic fibrosis

Tay-Sachs disease

Correct:

Tourette syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder that can express itself in heterozygous conditions.

What describes infantile amnesia?

An inability to recall memories from the first few years of life

A low number of red blood cells (RBCs)

Difficulty in the area of writing

Difficulty in the area of reading

Correct:

Infantile amnesia is marked by a child’s inability to remember memories from the first few years of life.

Which characteristic describes lateralization?

Synaptic blooming

The adaptability of the brain to change both physically and chemically to enhance its adaptability

Synaptic pruning

The localization of different functions in a certain side of the brain

The localization of different functions in a certain side of the brain

Correct:

Lateralization is known as the process in which different functions become localized mainly in one side of the brain.

Which characteristic of language describes semantics?

The social side of language

The construction of a sentence

The set of rules used to obtain meaning from morphemes

The set of rules that explain how words are used in a language

The set of rules used to obtain meaning from morphemes

Correct:

Semantics encompasses all the rules used to determine meaning from morphemes.

What does scaffolding refer to in the context of early childhood cognitive development?

A child rehearses previous information when they need to remember new information.

A child’s speech focuses on self without including anyone else’s points of view.

A child makes connections between new words and already-known concepts as a way to learn new words.

A child obtains temporary support from their caregivers or teachers while performing a certain task.

A child obtains temporary support from their caregivers or teachers while performing a certain task.

Correct:

Scaffolding occurs when a child can get temporary aid from teachers and caregivers so that they can perform a task properly.

What describes evocative genotype-environmental correlation?

Modifications in DNA affect gene expression and are passed on when the cells divide.

Children passively inherit the genes and the environments their family provides.

Individuals seek environmental factors to support their genetic tendencies.

The social environment interacts with individuals based on their inherited characteristics.

The social environment interacts with individuals based on their inherited characteristics.

Correct:

In evocative genotype-environmental correlation, the social environment interacts with children based on their inherited characteristics.

What are the two emotional responses that a child exhibits at birth?

Anger and sadness

Attraction and withdrawal

Fear and shame

Laughter and jealousy

Attraction and withdrawal

Correct:

Attraction is expressed at birth when children are provided with comfort and pleasure, and withdrawal is expressed at birth when experiencing physical discomfort.

How can a healthy eating pattern be established during early childhood?

Caregivers should provide balanced meals prepared at home.

Children should be rewarded with sweets for eating fruits and vegetables.

Caregivers should ensure that children eat equal amounts of food at each meal.

The food choices should vary for every child in the family.

Caregivers should provide balanced meals prepared at home.

Correct:

Meals prepared at home have better nutrition than frozen or fast foods.

How does the sleeping pattern of a toddler differ from that of a newborn?

In a toddler, the duration of sleep will be less, but the percentage of rapid eye movement sleep will be greater.

The duration of sleep and the percentage of rapid eye movement sleep will be less in a toddler.

The duration of sleep and the percentage of rapid eye movement sleep will be greater in a toddler.

In a toddler, the duration of sleep will be greater, but the percentage of rapid eye movement sleep will be less.

The duration of sleep and the percentage of rapid eye movement sleep will be less in a toddler.

Correct:

Newborns will sleep up to 16.5 hours per day while toddlers sleep around 10 hours. The rapid eye movement phase in newborns is 50%, while it is 25–30% in toddlers.

What is the definition of a cisgender person?

A person who lacks or has an imperfect second X chromosome

A person who identifies with a gender other than the gender assigned to them at birth

A person who is born with either an absence or some combination of male and female reproductive organs, sex hormones, or sex chromosomes

A person whose current gender aligns with their gender assigned at birth

A person whose current gender aligns with their gender assigned at birth

Correct:

People whose sex and gender assigned at birth match are referred to as cisgender.

What is social learning theory in the context of gender development in children?

The theory that children develop their concept of gender using their own cognitive skills.

The theory that many gender stereotypes are so strong because gender is heavily emphasized in culture

The theory that behavior is learned through observation, modeling, reinforcement, and punishment

The theory that children develop their own conceptions of the attributes associated with maleness or femaleness

The theory that behavior is learned through observation, modeling, reinforcement, and punishment

Correct:

Bandura’s social learning theory argues that behavior is learned through observation, modeling, reinforcement, and punishment.

What describes Parten’s classification of play termed "associative play"?

Children observe other children playing.

Children play alongside each other using similar toys.

Children interact and share toys without a common goal.

Children play by themselves.

Children interact and share toys without a common goal.

Correct:

Associative play occurs when children interact with each other and share toys but are not working toward a common goal.

According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's longitudinal study, how does child care affect development?

Children cared for by their mothers resulted in better behavior than children cared for in high-quality child care facilities.

Children cared for in child care facilities resulted in more behavioral problems than children cared for in a private home.

Lower quality of care predicted more behavioral problems than higher quality care.

Lower quality of care predicted more behavioral problems than higher quality care.

Correct:

Lower quality care predicted more behavioral problems and poorer cognitive, language, and school readiness.

Which parenting style is characterized by parents who demonstrate strong communication skills and display reasoning instead of coercion as preferred responses to children’s misbehavior?

Authoritative

Authoritarian

Permissive

Uninvolved

Authoritative

Correct:

Authoritative parenting styles are characterized by parents who support their children and show interest in their children's activities, but they are not overbearing. They allow children to make constructive mistakes.

Which qualities do children of permissive parents tend to display?

Fearful, performing poorly in school, increased risk of substance abuse

Low self-esteem and anxiety

High self-esteem and high social skills

Risky and impulsive behaviors, lack of self-discipline, lower levels of depression

Risky and impulsive behaviors, lack of self-discipline, lower levels of depression

Correct:

Permissive parents tend to hold expectations of children that are below what could be reasonably expected from them. This often results in children who display risky and impulsive behaviors, a lack of self-discipline, and lower levels of depression.

What does the term “gender role” mean? Choose the one correct answer.

A person's sexual interest in or attraction to other

A person’s sense of self as a member of a particular gender

Cultural, social, and psychological meanings associated with masculinity and femininity

Society's concept of how each gender is expected to act and behave

Society's concept of how each gender is expected to act and behave

Correct:

As children grow, they learn how to behave from those around them and are introduced to certain roles that are typically linked to their biological sex.

Which socioemotional factors that develop during childhood affect a child’s emotions and relationships with others? Choose 2 answers.

Emotional self-regulation

Empathy

Sense of identity

Finding meaning through work

Emotional self-regulation

Empathy

Correct:

Emotional self-regulation is correct. Emotional self-regulation refers to children's ability to monitor, evaluate, and modify their emotional reactions in any given situation.

Empathy is correct. The development of empathy is a crucial part of emotional and social development in childhood.

How does motor development progress in infants? Choose [2] answers.

From reflexive reactions to fine motor skills

From fine motor skills to gross motor skills

From reflexive reactions to more advanced motor functioning

From gross motor skills to advanced reflexive reactions

From reflexive reactions to fine motor skills

From reflexive reactions to more advanced motor functioning

Correct:

"From reflexive reactions to fine motor skills" is correct.

"From reflexive reactions to more advanced motor functioning" is correct.

Which physical development during the prenatal period is marked by development from the midline outward?

Proximodistal

Synaptogenesis

Cephalocaudal

Sensorimotor

Proximodistal

Which process describes the time in children's cognitive development when different functions become localized primarily on one side of the brain?

Neuroplasticity

Synaptogenesis

Synaptic blooming

Lateralization

Lateralization

Which recessive genetic disorder results in progressive damage to the cells and a decrease in cognitive development?

Cystic fibrosis

Sickle cell disease

Albinism

Tay-Sachs disease

Tay-Sachs disease

What is the ambivalent attachment style of an infant?

The child shows inconsistent coping methods based on their caregivers actions.

The child becomes distressed when their caregiver leaves but resists soothing by their caregiver on return.

The child feels upset when their caregiver leaves and happy when their caregiver returns.

The child becomes distressed when their caregiver leaves but resists soothing by their caregiver on return.

What are the two responses that infants show at birth in social situations?

Attraction and withdrawal

Withdrawal and anger

Doubt and attraction

Anger and doubt

Attraction and withdrawal

Which stage of Erikson's theory of psychosocial development occurs in early childhood?

Industry versus inferiority

Autonomy versus shame and doubt

Trust versus mistrust

Initiative versus guilt

Initiative versus guilt

What is an appropriate way to support the mental health of children experiencing gender dysphoria?

Increase the level of socialization with children of the same sex

Teach them to conform to socially constructed gender norms

Allow them to socially transition to the gender they identify as

Require them to dress in alignment with their biological sex

Allow them to socially transition to the gender they identify as

Which theory suggests that many gender stereotypes are so strong because gender is emphasized so much in culture?

Cognitive social learning theory

Social learning theory

Gender schema theory

Developmental intergroup theory

Developmental intergroup theory

What is a social and behavioral norm that is generally considered appropriate for a specific gender in a social setting or interpersonal relationship and can therefore vary by culture?

Stereotypes

Gender roles

Self-awareness

Gender socialization

Gender roles

Why is gender regarded as a social construct?

It is created by cultural and societal norms.

It is based on biological characteristics.

It is dependent on parenting styles.

It is dependent on sexual orientation.

It is created by cultural and societal norms.

Which parenting style results in children who may fear rather than respect their parents and may direct their frustrations toward safer targets, such as bullies toward peers?

Permissive

Authoritarian

Authoritative

Uninvolved

Authoritarian

Which is true base on recent research on childhood obesity in the United States?

10% of overweight boys between 8 and 15 years old see their weight as normal.

25% of parents of overweight children think their child is normal weight.

18.4% of six- to eleven-year-old children were classified as obese

5.2% of two- to five-year-old children were classified as obese.

18.4% of six- to eleven-year-old children were classified as obese

Correct:

A 2015-16 study concluded that almost 1/5 of children from six to eleven were classified as obese.

What percentage of parents of obese children perceive their child’s weight as normal?

50%

20%

75%

30%

50%

Correct:

In a 2010 survey, 50% of parents of obese children said their child had a normal weight.

What is distalproximal development during puberty?

The development of gender role differences

Visible physical changes not directly linked to reproduction but that signal sexual maturity

A physical growth spurt that proceeds from the extremities toward the torso

Changes in the reproductive organs

A physical growth spurt that proceeds from the extremities toward the torso

Correct: When puberty occurs in adolescents, they experience a period of rapid growth and sexual maturation that proceeds from the extremities toward the torso.

How do height and weight change for boys and girls as they enter adolescence?

During childhood, girls are on average taller and heavier than boys. After that, the average boy becomes both taller and heavier than girls.

During childhood, boys and girls are similar in height and weight. Then, from approximately ages 10 to 14, the average girl is taller but not heavier than the average boy.

During childhood, boys and girls are similar in height and weight. Then, from approximately ages 10 to 14, the average girl becomes both taller and heavier than boys. After the age of 14, the average girl continues to be both taller and heavier than boys.

During childhood, boys are on average taller and heavier than girls. Then from approximately ages 10 to 14, the average boy is taller but not heavier than the average girl.

During childhood, boys and girls are similar in height and weight. Then, from approximately ages 10 to 14, the average girl is taller but not heavier than the average boy.

Correct:

After the age of 14, the average boy becomes both taller and heavier.

What is a primary sexual characteristic in males during adolescence?

Pubic hair growth

Spermarche

Broad shoulders

Low-pitched voice

Spermarche

Correct:

The first ejaculation of semen, spermarche, is a primary sexual characteristic in males.

What is a secondary sexual characteristic in males during adolescence?

Growth of testes

Spermarche

Growth of penis

Low-pitched voice

Low-pitched voice

Correct:

Development of a low-pitched voice is a secondary sexual characteristic of puberty in males.

Which gland triggers the process of puberty by secreting a surge of hormonal agents in to the bloodstream?

The pituitary gland

The thyroid gland

The pineal gland

The pituitary gland

Correct:

The process of puberty is triggered by the pituitary gland, which secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the bloodstream and initiates a chain reaction.

Which aspect of puberty is predictable?

The pace of puberty

The sequence of physical changes during puberty

The onset of puberty

The degree of psychological changes during puberty

The sequence of physical changes during puberty

Correct:

The sequence of physical changes during puberty follows a predictable pattern.

What is newly developed in a child during middle childhood?

Inductive reasoning

Deductive reasoning

The ability to switch between tasks

The ability to classify objects

Deductive reasoning

Correct:

The ability to develop hypotheses based on what might logically occur does not occur until middle childhood.

Which stage of Piaget's cognitive development is experienced during middle childhood?

Preoperational

Concrete operational

Sensorimotor

Formal operational

Concrete operational

Correct:

At this stage (between 7 and 11 years), the child can make sense of the physical world around them, think logically, and switch between different tasks using logic.

Which effect will puberty have on the brain during adolescence?

The brain size will remain the same.

The brain will increase in size.

The gray matter of the brain will increase.

The white matter of the brain will decrease.

The brain size will remain the same.

Correct:

The size of the brain does not change during this stage. However, it does become more specialized and interconnected.

How does the physical development of the brain during puberty affect cognitive abilities?

It improves the use of memory and experience in making decisions.

It improves impulse control.

It makes it easier to learn a second language.

It improves the use of memory and experience in making decisions.

Correct:

During adolescence the hippocampus becomes more strongly connected to the frontal lobes, allowing for greater integration of memory and experiences into decision-making.

Which type of thinking is considered rational?

Analytic

Idealistic

Introspective

Intuitive

Analytic

Correct:

Analytic thinking is deliberate, conscious, and rational.

What describes pseudostupidity in adolescents?

When an adolescent tries to pose as someone else

When an adolescent takes an overcomplicated approach to a simple task

When an adolescent insists on high standards of behavior

When an adolescent thinks about their thoughts and feelings

When an adolescent takes an overcomplicated approach to a simple task

Correct:

Since adolescents are newly capable of formal operational thought, they may struggle to see alternatives to accomplishing a task.

Why does Erikson refer to children in middle and late childhood as industrious?

They become more responsible and start reasoning inductively.

They start to develop secondary sexual characteristics.

They are busy planning, playing, and being social.

They start to grow physically.

They are busy planning, playing, and being social.

Correct:

Children in middle and late childhood are constantly doing, planning, playing, making new friends, and achieving continuously.

What is the moral reasoning based on in Kohlberg's preconventional morality?

Justice and ethical principles

Punishment and rewards

Laws and impact on others

Punishment and rewards

Correct:

Stage 1: Focus is on self-interest, and punishment is avoided. The man should not steal the drug, as he may get caught and go to jail. Stage 2: Rewards are sought. A person at this level will argue that the man should steal the drug because he does not want to lose his wife, who takes care of him.

Which eating disorder involves fear of obesity despite being underweight?

Anorexia nervosa

Binge-eating disorder

Muscle dysmorphia

Bulimia nervosa

Anorexia nervosa

Correct:

Anorexia nervosa is a disorder in which a person believes they are obese when they are usually severely underweight.

Which disorder is concerned with body image distortion?

Binge-eating disorder

Muscle dysmorphia

Bipolar disorder

Insulin resistance

Muscle dysmorphia

Correct:

Muscle dysmorphia is an extreme desire to increase one's muscularity.

What is meant by identity foreclosure?

A child who has committed to an identity after exploration

A child who is actively exploring identities but has not committed to one

A child who has committed to an identity without exploration of other options

A child who has never explored identity options nor made a commitment to one

A child who has committed to an identity without exploration of other options

Correct:

Identity foreclosure describes when a child has made a commitment to an identity without having explored the options.

What is the primary psychosocial task of adolescence according to Erikson?

Autonomy

Inductive reasoning

Confronting an eating disorder

Developing an identity

Developing an identity

Correct:

Erikson believed that developing an identity is a primary task in psychosocial development.

What is the difference between a clique and a crowd?

A clique describes a group that shares a common problem while a crowd is a group that interacts frequently.

A clique describes a group that interacts frequently, and a crowd is a group that does not interact frequently but has a shared reputation.

A clique describes a group that does not interact frequently, and a crowd is a group that interacts frequently.

A clique describes a group that interacts frequently, and a crowd is a group that shares a similar problem.

A clique describes a group that interacts frequently, and a crowd is a group that does not interact frequently but has a shared reputation.

Correct:

The main difference between cliques and crowds is that cliques interact frequently while crowds do not.

Which developmental stage includes the first emergence of romantic relationships?

Early adulthood

Adolescence

Childhood

Late adulthood

Adolescence

Correct:

Adolescence is typically the first stage in which romantic relationships emerge. It includes partner selection, search for companionship, and intimacy. Most late adolescents have had at least one romantic relationship.

Which stage of friendship describes a friend as the one person someone can confide in?

Autonomous interdependence

Intimate and mutual sharing

Momentary physical interaction

One-way assistance

Intimate and mutual sharing

Correct:

Intimate and mutual sharing is the stage in which a friend is the one person that someone can tell things to that they would tell no one else.

Which category of children is an easy target for bullies?

Rejected-withdrawn

Popular-prosocial

Rejected-aggressive

Popular-antisocial

Rejected-withdrawn

Correct:

Rejected-withdrawn children are shy and excluded. They are an easy target for bullies because they do not retaliate when attacked.

What is the regular sequence of accelerated growth during adolescence?

The first areas that grow are the extremities (head, hands, and feet), followed by the arms and legs, and later the torso and shoulders.

The first areas that grow are the torso and shoulders, followed by the extremities (head, hands, and feet), and later the arms and legs.

The first areas that grow are the arms and legs, followed by the extremities (head, hands, and feet), and later the torso and shoulders.

The first areas that grow are the extremities (head, hands, and feet), followed by the torso and shoulders, and later the arms and legs.

The first areas that grow are the extremities (head, hands, and feet), followed by the arms and legs, and later the torso and shoulders.

Which term describes a lack of recognition from parents that children are overweight or obese?

Body mass index (BMI)

Anosmia

Oblivobesity

Hyposmia

Oblivobesity

Which secondary sexual characteristic is associated with girls?

The broadening of hips

The occurrence of menarche

The broadening of shoulders

The development of a low-pitched voice

The broadening of hips

Which dramatic change in an adolescent brain causes the thinning of gray matter, thereby making it more efficient?

Thickening of the corpus callosum

Full development of the prefrontal cortex

Formation of myelin coating

Synaptic pruning in the cortex

Synaptic pruning in the cortex

Which consequence of formal operational thought is exhibited when an adolescent approaches problems at a level that is too complex, and the adolescent fails because the tasks are too simple?

Pseudostupidity

Introspection

Hypocrisy

Idealism

Pseudostupidity

Which characteristics describe analytic thought during adolescence?

Deliberate, conscious, and fast

Deliberate, conscious, and rational

Automatic, unconscious, and fast

Automatic, unconscious, and rational

Deliberate, conscious, and rational

Which identity status is observed in an adolescent who is committed to an identity without having explored other options?

Identity achievement

Identity moratorium

Identity foreclosure

Identity diffusion

Identity foreclosure

What decreases the risk of teenage pregnancy?

Parent and teenager closeness

Early puberty

Sexually active older sibling

Low socioeconomic status

Parent and teenager closeness

Which stage of Lawrence Kohlberg’s stages of moral development in middle childhood focuses on concepts of punishment?

Stage five: postconventional moral development

Stage six: postconventional moral development

Stage two: preconventional moral development

Stage one: preconventional moral development

Stage one: preconventional moral development

What is observed in adolescents who have positive attachment to their parents?

They have more positive peer relationships.

They are more likely to engage in criminal activities.

They are more prone to drug abuse.

They have more emotional problems.

They have more positive peer relationships.

Which term describes a teenager’s greater desire for independence from parents?

Homophily

Autonomy

Deviant peer contagion

Negative identity

Autonomy

Which stage of psychosocial development did Erikson attribute to adolescents?

Intimacy versus isolation

Industry versus inferiority

Identity versus role confusion

Intimacy versus isolation

Identity versus role confusion

Which age range represents early adulthood?

Ages 65 years and older

Ages 25–45 years

Ages 40–65 years

Ages 10–18 years

Ages 25–45 years

Correct:

It is during this time of adulthood that complete physical maturation is reached, and physical abilities such as sensory abilities, reaction time, and cardiac functioning are at their peak.

Which BMI value indicates that an early adult is considered to be extremely obese?

42

29

25

35

42

Correct:

A BMI value greater than or equal to 40 indicates extreme obesity and an increased risk for heart diseases and other medical complications.

Which condition describes the inability of the eye to focus on closer objects due to the loss of elasticity of the lens?

Floaters

Dry eye syndrome

Scotopic sensitivity

Presbyopia

Presbyopia

Correct:

Aging causes stiffening and thickening of the lens of the eye so that it becomes difficult for the lens to change shape and focus on nearby objects.

Which condition is a typical physical change during middle adulthood?

Age spots

Sarcopenia

Skin tags

Bruising

Sarcopenia

Correct:

Sarcopenia is a condition of loss of muscle mass and strength that occurs with aging.

Which condition describes the loss of smell that typically occurs in late adulthood?

Phantosmia

Hyposmia

Dysosmia

Presbyosmia

Presbyosmia

Correct:

Presbyosmia is a condition in which an aging person loses their sense of smell.

Which condition is caused by a deficiency of the protein alpha-1-antitrypsin in late adulthood?

Kyphosis

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Osteoporosis

Atherosclerosis

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

Correct:

Alpha-1-antitrypsin is a protein produced by the liver that protects the lungs from the inflammatory damage caused by certain enzymes.

Which thought process is demonstrated in early adulthood?

Concrete operations

Dichotomies

Preconventional morality

Dialectical

Dialectical

Correct:

Dialectical thinking is the ability to bring together salient aspects of two opposing viewpoints or positions.

Which stage of career development is described by the inclusion of abilities and limitations when narrowing career choices?

Stage 3

Stage 1

Stage 4

Stage 2

Stage 3

Correct:

During stage three, older teens and emerging adults narrow their career choices further and begin to weigh more objectively the requirements, rewards, and downsides to careers, along with comparing possible careers with their own interests, values, and future goals.

What does research indicate about cognitive development during middle adulthood?

Perceptual speed increases

Inductive reasoning decreases

Spatial skills decrease

Crystalized intelligence increases

Crystalized intelligence increases

Correct:

Crystalized intelligence increases with age until one’s 70s.

Which aspect of job satisfaction is experienced by middle adults?

Less involvement in workplace decisions

Women are promoted more than men

Feelings of energy depletion or exhaustion

Workers earn higher wages

Workers earn higher wages

Correct:

Higher wages have been found in research studies to contribute to job satisfaction in middle adults.

Which change in attention is typically seen in late adulthood?

More able to selectively focus on information while ignoring distractors

Less difficulty shifting attention between objects

Less able to selectively focus on information while ignoring distractors

Less difficulty shifting attention between locations

Less able to selectively focus on information while ignoring distractors

Correct:

Studies have found that older adults typically have greater difficulty shifting their attention between objects or locations.

Which characteristic of Alzheimer disease is experienced by late adults?

Increase in physical coordination

Increase in subtle personality changes and memory loss

Increase in the ability to respond to an environment

Increase in problem-solving skills

Increase in subtle personality changes and memory loss

Correct:

Alzheimer disease has a gradual onset, with subtle personality changes and memory loss that differs from normal age-related memory problems occurring first.

Which characteristic of emerging adulthood is described as uncertainty in jobs and relationships and frequent changes in residences?

Age of possibilities

Age of self-focus

Age of feeling in-between

Age of instability

Age of instability

Correct:

According to Arnett, the age of instability in early adulthood is characterized by uncertainty and instability as seen in changes in jobs, relationships, and residences.

Which sexual orientation experienced by early adults is described as being primarily attracted to individuals of one’s own sex?

Bisexuality

Homosexuality

Asexuality

Heterosexuality

Homosexuality

Correct:

Homosexuality, being gay or lesbian, is primarily attraction to individuals of one's own sex.

Which relationship is described by a midlife adult who keeps their family connected?

Competent loners

Empty nester

Boomerang kids

Kinkeeper

Kinkeeper

Correct:

Kinkeepers are the people who keep their family connected and who promote solidarity and continuity in a family.

Which situation contributes to the singlehood middle adult lifestyle?

Children leaving home

Divorce

Gatekeeping

Needing sexual fulfillment

Divorce

Correct:

Middle adults who are single may be living with a partner and/or be single through divorce or widowhood.

Which phase of retirement is described when older adults experience an emotional letdown?

Immediate pre-retirement phase

Honeymoon phase

Reorientation phase

Disenchantment phase

Disenchantment phase

Correct:

In the disenchantment phase of retirement, older adults have passed through the excitement of the honeymoon phase and begin to feel disappointed or saddened that they are in retirement.

How does the general trend in the United States of an increasingly aged population affect caregivers of older adults?

Caregivers of older adults will decrease as the number of elder adults increases.

Caregivers of older adults will largely be populated by later adolescents.

Caregivers of older adults will no longer need to use inpatient respite care to assist in their caregiver roles.

Caregivers of older adults will face increased financial and emotional strain.

Caregivers of older adults will face increased financial and emotional strain.

Correct:

As older adults continue to live longer, an increase in the number of caregivers is needed. Caregivers often face financial and emotional strain from their care duties, so this will also increase.

What appears to be the major factor that keeps temperament stable into adulthood?

Culture

Environment

Genes

Genes

Correct:

Because temperament is genetically driven, genes appear to be the major reason temperament remains stable into adulthood.

Which characteristics describe the conscientiousness personality dimension seen in early adulthood?

A tendency to appreciate art, emotion, adventure, unusual ideas, imagination, curiosity, and a variety of experiences

A tendency to experience positive emotions and to seek out stimulation and the company of others

A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement

A tendency to be compassionate and cooperative rather than suspicious and antagonistic toward others, reflecting individual differences in general concern for social harmony

A tendency to show self-discipline, act dutifully, and aim for achievement

Correct:

Individuals who are conscientious have a preference for planned rather than spontaneous behavior.

Which aspect of Sternberg’s theory of love experienced during early adulthood is described by an intense physical attraction that partners feel toward one another?

Liking

Intimacy

Commitment

Passion

Passion

Correct:

Passion refers to the intense physical attraction partners feel toward one another.

Which attachment style in young adulthood is described as being able to get close to others and not worry about being abandoned?

Avoidant

Secure

Neurotic

Ambivalent

Secure

Correct:

Secure young adults find it relatively easy to get close to others, are comfortable depending on others, and are comfortable having others depend on them. They do not often worry about being abandoned or someone getting too close to them.

Which form of intimate partner abuse in early adulthood is described as one partner consistently using fear and violence to dominate the other?

Neglect and abandonment

Intimate terrorism

Financial abuse and exploitation

Situational couple violence

Intimate terrorism

Correct:

In intimate terrorism, one partner consistently uses fear and violence to dominate the other.

How does a child’s temperament influence parenting?

Children who are fussy elicit more positive reactions from their parents.

Children with easy temperaments may result in parents feeling more effective.

Children who are fussy may result in parents feeling more effective in parenting.

Children with easy temperaments may result in parents feeling less effective.

Children with easy temperaments may result in parents feeling more effective.

Correct:

A child with an easy temperament may enable parents to feel more effective because the parents are easily able to soothe the child and elicit smiling and cooing.

Which stage of general adaptation syndrome occurs last?

Hostility

Resistance

Exhaustion

Alarm

Exhaustion

Correct:

This is the final stage of the general adaptation syndrome to stressors, when a person fails to cope with the stress adequately and depletes their resources.

Which stress management strategy used by older adults includes a technique where a person is shown bodily information that is not normally available to them (e.g., heart rate) and then taught strategies to alter this signal?

Problem-focused coping

Social integration

Biofeedback

Emotion-focused coping

Biofeedback

Correct:

Biofeedback can help reduce physiological arousal from stress.

Which description characterizes Erikson's psychosocial stage of the integrity vs. despair experience in late life?

An interest in guiding the development of the next generation, often by becoming a parent, is gained.

A well-defined and positive sense of self in relationship to others is achieved.

A retrospective accounting of one’s life to date occurs.

Independence is gained by exploring, manipulating, and taking action.

A retrospective accounting of one’s life to date occurs.

Correct:

Integrity vs. despair is described as a retrospective accounting of one’s life to date: how much one embraces life as having been well lived, as opposed to regretting missed opportunities.

Which characteristic of successful aging involves making adjustments, as needed, in order to continue living as independently and actively as possible?

Active engagement in social and productive activities

Relative avoidance of disease, disability, and risk factors, like high blood pressure, smoking, or obesity

Selective optimization with compensation

Maintenance of high physical and cognitive functioning

Selective optimization with compensation

Correct:

When older adults lose functioning or a task becomes too difficult, they may compensate by choosing another way to accomplish goals.