The Three Kingdoms: England, Ireland, Scotland

Describe the timeline from Oliver Cromwell's rule to the signing of the Bill of Rights

1649-60 - Britain is ruled by Oliver Cromwell

1660 - Monarchy is restored; Charles II ascends the throne

1685 - Charles dies and James II ascend the throne

1688 - James is deposed and replaced with James' daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange ascend the throne AKA the Glorious Revolution

1689 - William and Mary sign the Bill of Rights

What are (most of) the main clauses of the Bill of Rights? (7)

1689

1) Ruling without Parliament is illegal

2) It is the right of the subjects to petition the king, and prosecutions for such petitions is illegal

3) Keeping an army in peace-time without consent of Parliament is illegal

4) Free elections for MPs

5) Freedom of speech in Parliament

6) Parliaments to be held frequently

7) No Roman Catholic can be monarch

What were (some of) the reasons James II was considered a tyrant? (2)

1) He beheaded 250 participants in a rebellion against him

2) He threw 7 Anglican bishops into the Tower of London for telling him to stop ignoring Parliament

Why was James II deposed?

His right to rule was being questioned due to the "forgery" of his wife's pregnancy (this rumour was spun by his enemies)

How did England initially gain control over Ireland?

In 1169, King Henry II invaded Ireland and started an English colony around Dublin but he only initially controlled a small part called the Pale

How were the rest of the Irish treated at that beginning stage?

Any Irish person living "beyond the Pale" was stereotyped as wild, uneducated and savage

How did English control over Ireland change by the end of the Middle Ages?

It weakened and the pale had shrunk in area

What are plantations?

Settlements of Protestant people from England

Why did English monarchs set up plantations in Ireland in the 16th and 17th century?

To assert direct control over Ireland and soon the Irish parliament was Protestant-dominated and only the wealthy - therefore mainly Protestants - could vote

Why were plantations given that name?

People were being 'planted' in Ireland to colonise it

Why did most Irish people support James II?

Because of his Declaration for the Liberty of Conscience in 1687 which granted religious freedom to all Christians

How did the English gradually take more and more control over Ireland?

Vast areas of land were confiscated from their Catholic owners and handed to Protestant settlers. The northern province of Ulster had been the heart of rebellion against the English so the plantations were concentrated there

How were the Irish and English described by Sir John Davies?

The settlers were 'good corn' whereas the native Irish were 'weeds to be removed'

What did the plantations consist of?

Army garrisons and new towns where only English laws and customs were permitted.

Why were walls built around Derry?

Protect the Protestants from Irish rebels and Catholics were forced to live outside the walls in the Bogside

What happened when James was forced to escape from England after William's invasion in 1688?

Louis XIV pressed him to return and win back the 'three kingdoms' by military force. Most Irish Catholics were Jacobites and Lord Tyrconnell formed a Jacobite army.

When and what did James do when he landed in Ireland?

March 1689

Landed with 6000 French troops and held a parliament in Dublin. This assessed a law giving confiscated land back to the former Catholic owners and it also declared that the English parliament had no right to make laws governing Ireland

What did James "invading" Ireland mean to William?

Since James had the backing of King Louis + wide support in Ireland, battling them was basically part of the wider European war he was committed to (the War of the Grand Alliance). He felt forced to face James in Ireland

What did William initially do to fight James siege?

He sent warships and troops with the aim of breaking the siege. Over the next two and a half years they fought

How did the war go initially?

First half of 1689 - the Jacobites' army under Tyrconnell swept north, seizing back land from Protestant plantation owners and besieging Derry

What pivotal moment happened on 28th July 1689?

William's ships broke the siege from the River Foyle and freed the Protestant inhabitants

How did William change the course of the war?

Some of the Williamite army landed near Belfast and marched towards Dundalk where they camped for the winter on low wet ground. Disease killed >5,500 men/one third of William's army

What was the Battle of the Boyne and what happened after?

1 July 1690

No clear winner but James lost heart and left Ireland and the Jacobites, demoralised and with many soldiers deserting, retreated from Dublin and William entered in triumph

When was the final decisive battle for the war and what happened?

12 July 1691 at Aughrim

Seven thousand were killed on both sides but William clearly won

When and what was the Treaty of Limerick?

3 October 1691

Marked the end of the war and Irish Jacobite soldiers were given 3 choices: they could join William's army, return home, or continue following James in the French army AKA leaving Ireland forever (14,000 chose this and it's known as the 'flight of the Wild Geese'

What was the condition for Jacobite landowners to keep their land?

They had to swear allegiance to William and Mary but harsh measures were taken against Catholics very soon and those who didn't swear allegiance had their land taken fast

What was the impact on Ireland of British control post-1691

The Irish parliament was entirely Protestant and they made sure Catholics lost land, religious freedom and political power

Give a summary of the Penal Laws

1695 - weapons taken away; banned from studying overseas; bishops and priests banished

1704 - inheritance rights taken away; rights to buy and lease property restricted; banned from some professions; not allowed to have a public position unless they became Protestant

1728 - not allowed to vote

they affected wealthier Catholics and weren't always imposed

Who were the Protestant Ascendancy?

Wealthy landlord families who dominated the parliament. Centred around the Anglican Church, Dublin Castle and English fashions. They saw themselves as the only true Irish 'nation' whose God given right to rule was proved by the Williamite victories in battle

What were the class divides among Protestants?

The Ascendancy belonged to the CoI, and offshoot of the CoE

Most of the Scottish settlers were Presbyterian - group that broke of the CoE as they disagreed with the bishops and the king being the head of the church. Some of them were poor

How did the Ascendancy see their relationship with England?

As one of 'sisters' or 'brothers' - two parallel kingdoms

How did London see their relationship with Ireland?

Ireland was clearly a colony and England was the parent whilst Ireland was the child, there to benefit England. In return for protecting them, London expected that Irish Protestants would accept second-class status

When was the Glencoe massacre?

1692

What were the casualties of the Glencoe massacre?

38 died, belonging to the clan McDonald, by government troops

40 more died of exposure in freezing conditions after their homes were burned down

What are the differences between the Scottish Highlanders and Lowlanders?

Highlanders - native Gaelic speakers living in the northern mountains in communities (clans) with a strong warrior tradition

Lowlanders - English speakers who dominated the Scottish Parliament in Edinburgh

Why did some Scots support James? (5)

1) They believed he was the rightful king of Scotland

2) Hatred and fear of Lowlanders

3) Conditions of poverty and frequent hunger

4) Mistrust of contradictory government policies, sometimes threatening and sometimes bribing

5) Resentment of the Campbell

Who were the Campbells?

A powerful clan that was close to William. Archibald Campbell was William's military commander and chief adviser in Scotland and John Campbell was William's main negotiator with the clan chiefs

What was the Union of Crowns?

The king of Scotland becoming the king of England and Wales as well after the death of Elizabeth I (but they still had separate parliaments)

Why did the Scottish parliament initially back William of Orange when asked?

They blamed James for the troubles and said no Catholic could ever be king

What was the Battle of Killiecrankie?

The Jacobites rose in anger and government troops fought them. Although the Jacobites won, their leader + 1/3 of their army was killed and one month later their rebellion collapsed at the Battle of Dunkeld

What were 2 ways William tried to prevent a repeat of the rebellion?

1) He organised a military occupation of the Highlands, centred on a new army base

2) In 1691, he announced that the Jacobite clans would be pardoned if they swore allegiance to him before 1692 New Year

Why did the Massacre of Glencoe happen?

Clan chiefs had to swear allegiance in front of a magistrate. Alasdair McLain, the chief of Glencoe, was a day late despite having made a 100km journey and initially arriving at Fort William in the first place. He was promised his people, the McDonalds, were safe (this was not true)

What were 2 ways William tried to prevent a repeat of the rebellion?

1) He organised a military occupation of the Highlands, centred on a new army base

2) In 1691, he announced that the Jacobite clans would be pardoned if they swore allegiance to him before 1692 New Year

Why did the Massacre of Glencoe happen?

Clan chiefs had to swear allegiance in front of a magistrate. Alasdair McLain, the chief of Glencoe, was a day late despite having made a 100km journey and initially arriving at Fort William in the first place. He was promised his people, the McDonalds, were safe (this was not true)

How was the Massacre of Glencoe seen under Scottish law?

It was 'murder by trust' meaning the killers accepted their victims' hospitality before committing the crime. The Scottish parliament condemned the action and William was forced to order an enquiry but no one was punished

Why were the Scottish living in extreme poverty? (3)

1) The Navigation Act - no Scottish ships can be involved in trade to England and overseas colonies

2) The Scottish had no access to the trade between the EIC + RAC and India + Africa

3) England's involvement in foreign wars meant trade with much of Europe was cut off

How did the Darien Scheme start?

In 1695, William Paterson suggested Scotland form a Scottish colony on the Isthmus of Darien (Panama). This would allow them to control trade between NA and SA as well as between the Pacific and Atlantic; hopefully the economic crisis could be solved

How much was invested into the Darien Scheme?

Nobles invested £400,000 (£80 million in todays money) AKA 1/4 of Scotland's wealth

The Bank of Scotland was set up by Paterson

1200 went on the journey

What were the 3 main mistakes that led to the failure of the Darien Scheme?

1) Poor planning - inappropriate farming skills, poor supplies, lack of fresh water, beef w/ Spanish, negotiations with the local Tule (they had no trinkets worth attention + no weapons to fight the Spanish)

2) Conditions they faced - difficult terrain for transporting goods, humid, swampy

3) Undermining from England - they disagreed because it got in the way of their negotiations with the Spanish

How did William contribute to the failure of the Darien Scheme?

He stopped English ships and colonies from trading with the Scots, he convinced the Dutch to withdraw and refuse to sell ships to the company

How did English investors withdraw from the Scheme?

Pressure from the EIC (scheme was a threat to its profits) and King William

How was the Massacre of Glencoe seen under Scottish law?

It was 'murder by trust' meaning the killers accepted their victims' hospitality before committing the crime. The Scottish parliament condemned the action and William was forced to order an enquiry but no one was punished

Why were the Scottish living in extreme poverty? (3)

1) The Navigation Act - no Scottish ships can be involved in trade to England and overseas colonies

2) The Scottish had no access to the trade between the EIC + RAC and India + Africa

3) England's involvement in foreign wars meant trade with much of Europe was cut off

How did the Darien Scheme start?

In 1695, William Paterson suggested Scotland form a Scottish colony on the Isthmus of Darien (Panama). This would allow them to control trade between NA and SA as well as between the Pacific and Atlantic; hopefully the economic crisis could be solved

How much was invested into the Darien Scheme?

Nobles invested £400,000 (£80 million in todays money) AKA 1/4 of Scotland's wealth

The Bank of Scotland was set up by Paterson

1200 went on the journey

What were the 3 main mistakes that led to the failure of the Darien Scheme?

1) Poor planning - inappropriate farming skills, poor supplies, lack of fresh water, beef w/ Spanish, negotiations with the local Tule (they had no trinkets worth attention + no weapons to fight the Spanish)

2) Conditions they faced - difficult terrain for transporting goods, humid, swampy

3) Undermining from England - they disagreed because it got in the way of their negotiations with the Spanish

How did William contribute to the failure of the Darien Scheme?

He stopped English ships and colonies from trading with the Scots, he convinced the Dutch to withdraw and refuse to sell ships to the company

How did English investors withdraw from the Scheme?

Pressure from the EIC (scheme was a threat to its profits) and King William

What did the English Parliament want post-1700?

They wanted (a) Scotland to accept the 1701 Act of Settlement (the German Hanoverians would succeed the last Stuart monarch) and (b) greater union with them

How did the Scottish Parliament show their refusal and opposition to this agreement? (3)

Passed an Act of Security (they could decide independently who the next monarch was). 1703, they said they'd trade wool with countries at war with England. The Act Anenet Peace and War (only the Scottish parliament could declare war on an enemy nation)

What were the 'carrot' methods used by the English to achieve what they want?

- They agreed to greater trade freedom

- Promised to write off the Darien Scheme

- Scottish institutions would not be changed

- Many politicians were bribed with money and seats in the House of Lords

What were the 'stick' methods used by the English to achieve what they want?

English Aliens Act of 1705 - threat to punish Scotland with a ban on exports to England

When was the Treaty of Union?

1706 11 July

What was the Hanoverian succession?

James VII (DIED) -> William (DIED) -> sister-in-law Anne (no children) -> Sophia (DIED BEFORE IT COULD HAPPEN) -> George but King Louis announce Jame's son (James Stuart/Old Pretender) to be the rightful king of Soctland, England, Ireland

What was the Act of Settlement (1701)?

English crown would pass to the nearest Protestant relative of Anne (ended up being Sophia, the Electress of Hanover

What was the 1715 rebellion?

Old Pretender made a bid for power as George became king without Scottish consultant. The Earl of Mar organised it with the promise that the Scottish parliament would be restored

What was the outcome of the 1715 rebellion?

Inconclusive battle at Sherrifmuir but the uprising failed and James was forced to leave Mar in 1716

What were the pros and cons of military control coming from the Act of Union?

- Scotland now had a standing army

- It became illegal for Highlanders to carry a weapon (1716 Disarming Act)

- Taxes increased to fund the new army

- The presence of the British soldiers was obvious

What were the pros and cons of political advancement following the Act of Union?

- New career opportunities for leading Scottish politicians

- Competition for places in the House of Lords and many high ranking Scots were caught in cases of corruption and bribery

- With no Scottish parliament, the government felt even more distant from the Scottish people, especially the Highlanders

What were the economic benefits from the Act of Union?

- Those who lost in the Darien Scheme got their money bank with interest

- Glasgow became a major international port thanks to Flemish and Irish weavers helping the linen industry grow

- By the 1730s, the economy was starting to boom

What were the economic problems from the Act of Union?

- Many industries e.g., the paper industry, still struggled

- After 1710, taxes and customs duties were heavily increased

- As a result of taxation, smuggling was common

- Much of Scotland's capital wealth was moved to England as their industry could not compete with England

What was the negative social change that followed the Act of Union?

- Regular protests

- 1724 Levellers 'fence-smashing' movement was a response to landlords who were enclosing their land for farming and evicting tenants

- Malt tax led to riots in 1725