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Why is the concept of race considered controversial and lacking scientific basis?
Race lacks scientific validity as a biological category and is socially constructed, leading to unwarranted disparities.
How did the concept of race originate historically?
Race emerged during European colonial expansion, influencing power dynamics with false beliefs of biological superiority.
What is the impact of racialization on human groups?
Unfairly judges human groups as different in intellect, morality, and worth based on perceived differences in appearance or heritage.
Who are considered visible minorities in the context of race?
Individuals non-Caucasian or non-white, excluding Aboriginal peoples, who face discrimination based on race.
What is the Master Narrative in the context of ethnicity and race?
It is the story a nation tells about itself to celebrate its past and present, often omitting unpleasant events.
How does the concept of race differ from ethnicity?
Race is based on physical appearance, while ethnicity is tied to cultural group membership and specific practices.
Why is ethnicity considered a voluntary association?
Individuals can choose to identify with multiple ethnicities, making the association voluntary.
What are some approaches to studying ethnicity mentioned in the text?
Essentialism, Postcolonialism, Epiphenomenal, Instrumentalism, and Social Constructivism.
What characterizes the Essentialism approach in studying ethnicity?
It believes ethnic groups are defined by unchanging traits from the past, suggesting cultures remain static and unaffected by external influences.
What does post-colonialism focus on?
The negative impact of colonialism on both the colonizer and the colonized.
How is ethnicity viewed in the epiphenomenal concept?
As a secondary effect that does not causally influence the main phenomenon, suggesting ethnic conflicts are by-products of class struggles.
What is the focus of instrumentalism in ethnicity theories?
Emphasizes emerging ethnicity over long-established ethnic traits, with ethnic entrepreneurs manipulating ethnicity for personal gain.
How does social constructivism view ethnicity?
As a socially constructed concept serving specific agendas, often influenced by elite individuals.
What is a critique of social constructivism in ethnic conflict theories?
It may overemphasize elite influence and neglect broader group motivations.
What sparked the racialization of Indigenous peoples in the Americas in the 16th century?
Perceived differences in lifestyle, language, and religion in Europe.
How long have Indigenous peoples inhabited what is now Canada?
Over 14,000 years, contributing significantly to Canadian history.
What distinguishes Indigenous peoples in Canada from non-Indigenous individuals and within their communities?
A complex system of legal statuses.
What are some legal designations for Indigenous peoples in Canada?
Registered Indian, Bill C-31 Indian, band member, reserve resident, treaty Indian, Mattis, and Eskimo.
What legislation in 1876 contributed to the legal distinctions among Indigenous peoples in Canada?
The Indian Act, administered by the federal department of Crown-Indigenous and Northern Affairs.
What is the approximate percentage of the Indigenous population in Canada?
Indigenous people comprise just under 5% of Canada's population.
How does the population growth rate of Indigenous people compare to the non-Indigenous population in Canada?
The Indigenous population growth rate is over four times that of the non-Indigenous population.
Who was James McGill, and what is his historical association with enslavement?
James McGill (1744 - 1813) enslaved Black and Indigenous individuals, as reflected in the establishment of McGill University.
What significant historical event allowed Black communities in Nova Scotia to gain freedom?
The British Proclamation of 1779 offered freedom to slaves who fought for the British in the American Revolution.
Why did The Black One Thousand settlement in Alberta come to an end by 1914?
Wilfrid Laurier's declaration in 1911 prohibited Negro race immigrants from settling in Canada, leading to the cessation of The Black One Thousand settlement by 1914.
What were the key periods of decline for the Black population in Canada?
The Black population in Canada experienced notable decreases between 1792, 1871-1911, and 1941-1951.
How did the Black population in Canada change in the 1970s?
In the 1970s, the Black population in Canada started increasing consistently, growing from 34,400 in 1971 to 239,500 by the end of the decade.
What is the approximate number of people who identified as Black in the 2016 Canadian census?
Approximately 1.2 million people identified as Black in the 2016 Canadian census, making them the third-largest visible minority population.
What is the predominant ethnicity among visible minorities in Canada according to the 2016 census?
Two-thirds of visible minority Canadians were of Asian ancestry, with South Asians and Chinese Canadians constituting the two largest groups.
Why did Chinese immigrants settle on Canada's west coast in the mid-nineteenth century?
Due to poverty and political upheaval in China, along with work opportunities in British Columbia.
What impact did head taxes have on Chinese immigrants?
Starting at $50 and increasing to $500, significantly reduced Chinese immigration and led to an imbalanced gender ratio.
How did employment restrictions affect white women in Saskatchewan?
An Act in 1912 prevented white women from working in businesses owned by Japanese, Chinese, or other Oriental individuals in Saskatchewan.
How many Japanese Canadians were interned during the Second World War, and what happened to their property?
Approximately 22,000 Japanese Canadians were interned, and their property was confiscated during the Second World War.
What was the involvement of Japanese Canadians in World War I?
Japanese Canadians volunteered in the Canadian Expeditionary Force during World War I, despite residing in Canada since the 1870s.
What were the key events involving South Asian immigrants in early 1900s Canada?
Settled in Port Moody, particularly Sikhs, facing restrictions and $200 entry requirement by 1908.
Describe the Komagata Maru incident of July 1914.
A ship with 376 passengers, mainly Sikhs, being forced to leave Canada due to entry fee non-payment and shortages.
What does Standpoint theory by Dorothy Smith emphasize?
It highlights how sociological researchers' viewpoints are shaped by their social characteristics like gender, age, ethnicity, and sexual orientation.
Who was W.E.B. Du Bois, and what were his contributions?
The first African-American sociologist, founder of NAACP, focused on issues facing Africans advocating legal actions against lynching and supporting various causes.
Who is recognized as the first Black Canadian sociologist?
Daniel G. Hill (1923-2003)
What notable works are associated with Daniel G. Hill?
'Negroes in Toronto: A Sociological Study of a Minority Group' (1960) and 'The Freedom Seekers: Blacks in Early Canada' (1981).
What is Intersectionality?
The concept that combines factors like race, gender, class, and sexuality to understand the experiences of marginalized groups.
Who further developed Intersectionality Theory after Kimberlé Crenshaw?
Sociologist Patricia Hill Collins in her work 'Black Feminist Thought: Knowledge, Consciousness and the Politics of Empowerment' (1990).
What are the four interconnected elements of racism?
Racialization, prejudice, discrimination, and power, where certain groups are given institutional advantages over others.
What is racial bigotry?
The open and conscious expression of racist views by an individual.
Explain systemic or institutional racism.
The institutionalization of racist practices, rules, and laws within organizations or society.
What is polite, smiling, or friendly racism?
Racism that is hidden behind a smile or friendly words, often through microaggressions.
How are minorities often treated in historical narratives?
Historical mistreatment, exploitation, and destruction of minorities are usually excluded or downplayed.
Define hate crime in the context of race-based offenses.
An aggressive or intimidating act motivated by prejudice against a specific racial group to harm or terrify both the victim and their community.
Is race a useful tool for social reconstruction?
Race can be a useful tool for social reconstruction, offering insight and awareness on crucial issues.
Why should there be less emphasis on ethnic identity for inclusive symbiosis?
Can be an aid in promoting inclusive symbiosis, fostering unity and understanding.
Are the benefits of conversations on race and ethnicity lasting for building equity?
Can have lasting benefits in building a more equitable world by raising awareness and promoting dialogue.
Who bears the responsibility for driving societal changes for improvement?
The collective responsibility of individuals, communities, institutions, and policymakers alike
Rituals are performed in most religions in for of a ___________
Ceremony
Which element of racism is manifested when institutionalized advantages are regularly handed to one or more groups over others?
Power
Which fact is NOT true about Canadian families today?
The number of children per family is still on the increase.
What did Donald Trump attempt to arouse through the slogan ‘make America great again”?
Nostalgia for an idealized past
Which of the following is an example of a latent dysfunction of the hidden curriculum in the Canadian education system?
Teaching the norms of society
Teaching students how to use their time effectively
Teaching students and reinforcing the idea that certain groups of people are more likely to succeed than others in the educational system
All of the above are examples of latent dysfunctions.
What term did Michel Foucault use to describe a group that has been conditioned, through a specific set of procedures and practices, to behave precisely the way administrators want it to?
Docile body
Which of the following is NOT a fundamental assumption of the multicultural model of education?
Learning about one's culture will lead to higher income.
In some senses, reliance on technology as an alternative to adopting preventative social practices is not a social improvement.
True
Before the Industrial Revolution in Europe and the United States, there was a lot of interest in educating the population.
False
Social constructivism argues that ethnicity is a natural and inherent trait of individuals.
False
Note 
Flashcard (20)