chap 23

What term means breakdown of large molecules into their building blocks by digestive secretions?

chemical digestion

What term means the addition of acids, enzymes, and buffers to the ingested material?

secretion

Which region of the gastrointestinal tract is the initial site of mechanical and chemical digestion?

the oral cavity

What histological layer of the digestive tract is the outer layer of retroperitoneal organs?

adventitia

The mucosa of the esophagus contains an abrasion-resistant ________ epithelium.

non-keratinized, stratified squamous

What histological layer of the digestive tract is the inner, mucous membrane often with folds to increase surface area?

mucosa

The correct order of the digestive tube layers, from the lumen outward, is:

mucosa, submucosa, muscularis layer, serosa

What double sheet of parietal peritoneum do we find attaching the loops of the small intestine to the body wall?

mesentery proper

What double sheet of parietal peritoneum do we find attaching the large intestine to the body wall?

mesocolon

What piece of mesentery divides the left and right lobes of the liver and anchors it to the body wall anteriorly?

falciform ligament

What is the technical term for the lips?

labia

What is the technical term for the medial, dangling portion of the soft palate?

uvula

Which salivary glands are found on the floor of the mouth, medial and inferior to the mandible?

submandibular glands

What do we call the portion of a tooth within the bony socket?

root

What layer of our teeth forms the outer layer, made of our hardest biological substance?

enamel

What do we call the visible portion of the tooth?

crown

What type of tooth is conical/sharp and a single root?

canine

How many teeth are found in an adult without wisdom teeth?

28

What is the name of the opening in the diaphragm through which the esophagus passes?

esophageal hiatus

What is the name of the common passageway for food and air?

pharynx

What J-shaped expansion of the digestive tract has an extra layer of smooth muscle (oblique) to assist in mechanical churning of food and glands that produce acid and a proteolytic enzyme?

stomach

The ___ cells of the stomach secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor.

parietal

What ring of muscle regulates the flow of material from the stomach to the small intestine?

pyloric sphincter

What part of the digestive tract plays the primary role in digestion and absorption of nutrients?

small intestine

Which of the following structures have the most prominent circular folds (plicae) for increased absorption?

the jejunum

What do we call the lymphatic capillary within each finger-like projection of the intestinal wall that picks up lipids from the digestive tract?

lacteals

Which section of the small intestine is the last, longest section with fewer folds and aggregated lymphoid nodules?

ileum

What part of the digestive tract serves to reabsorb water, absorb vitamins, and store feces prior to defecation (it also has abundant goblet cells)?

large intestine

What do we call the ribbon of longitudinal smooth muscle of the large intestine that aids in peristalsis and helps create pouches?

teniae coli

What portion of the large intestine travels to the left across abdomen?

transverse colon

What expanded pouch forms the beginning of the large intestine?

cecum

What portion of the large intestine travels inferiorly on the left side of the abdomen?

descending colon

What sphincter at the end of the digestive tract is voluntary and composed of skeletal muscle?

external anal sphincter

What minor lobe of the liver is adjacent to the inferior vena cava?

caudate

What minor lobe of the liver is adjacent to the gallbladder?

quadrate

Which liver cell type is found in the liver sinusoids remove worn out erythrocytes from circulation and engulf pathogens?

Stellate macrophages

What organ, the largest visceral organ in the body, is located in the upper right quadrant of the abdomen?

 

liver

What component of bile transport forms from the merger of the two ducts from the liver's right and left lobes?

common hepatic duct

The duodenal ampulla receives secretions directly from the ___.

common bile duct and pancreatic duct

What term means intestinal churning?

 

segmentation

Which region of the gastrointestinal tract is the initial site of mechanical and chemical digestion?

the oral cavity

The _____ is a double sheet of peritoneal membrane that suspends the visceral organs and carries nerves, lymphatics, and blood vessels.

mesentery

What histological layer of the digestive tract is a connective tissue layer enclosing glands, nerves, and vessels?

submucosa

What double sheet of parietal peritoneum do we find between the liver and lesser curvature of the stomach?

lesser omentum

What is the technical term for the gums?

gingivae

Which salivary glands are found on the floor of the mouth, just below tongue?

sublingual glands

What layer of our teeth forms the bulk of tooth, a mineralized matrix similar to bone?

dentin

The visible portion of the tooth of a tooth is covered by ___.

enamel

What do we call the bony socket in which we find a tooth?

alveolus

What type of tooth is large, flattened crowns with 3+ roots?

molar

How many teeth are found in an adult with wisdom teeth?

32

The  __ of the stomach help it to stretch as it fills with food.

rugae

what type of receptors in the walls of the stomach would detect the stretching of the stomach?

mechanoreceptors

The ___ cells secrete pepsinogen.

chief

Which region of the stomach is located superior to junction with the esophagus, is in contact with the diaphragm muscle, and where gas and is where gases (burp!) can accumulate? 

Fundus

What modifications of the small intestine are large, transverse folds, most apparent in jejunum?

plicae circulares

Which section of the small intestine is the first, short, c-shaped section (contains head of pancreas)?

duodenum

What "S" shaped portion of the large intestine travels medially and then inferiorly to the final portion of the colon?

sigmoid colon

What final, expanded section of the large intestine triggers the defecation reflex when its walls are stretched by feces?

rectum

What is the technical term for the orifice at the end of the large intestine?

anus

Which liver cell type is most abundant and forms the liver lobules?

Hepatocytes

What component of bile transport collects bile from the liver’s lobes?

left and right hepatic ducts

What term means propulsion of tube contents through coordinated contractions
of circular and longitudinal muscular layers?

peristalsis

What term means the bringing of food into the digestive tract?

ingestion

What term means stomach churning?

maceration

What histological layer of the digestive tract is composed of smooth muscle, generally two layers (circular and longitudinal)?

muscularis {externa}

What is the technical term for the entrance to the oropharynx?

fauces

What layer of our teeth forms the inner layer which is spongy and vascular, containing vessels and nerves?

pulp cavity

What type of tooth is blade/chisel-shaped, in the front of the mouth and a single root?

 

incisor

How many teeth are found in the deciduous or baby set of teeth?

20

What is the name of the muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx to the stomach?

esophagus

What do we call the soupy, acidic mixture of partially digested food that leaves the stomach?

chyme

Which "J" shaped region of the stomach forms the junction with the small intestine?

Pylorus

What valve regulates the passage of materials from the small intestine into the large intestine?

ileocecal valve

What slender, hollow organ dominated by lymphatic nodules comes off of the cecum?

appendix

What portion of the large intestine travels superiorly on the right side of the abdomen?

 

ascending colon

Which of the following is not one of the general categories of liver function we discussed?

pH regulation

Which liver cell type are responsible play an important regulatory role, including: synthesis of bile and plasma proteins; synthesis of glycogen and lipids; adjusting nutrient concentrations of blood; and removal of toxins, to name a few?

Hepatocytes

The cells of the pancreatic islets produce the digestive enzymes that the pancreatic duct delivers into the duodenum.

True

What component of bile transport is a raised projection that opens into the duodenum as a shared passageway with pancreatic juices?

duodenal papilla

What component of bile transport carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestines?

common bile duct

What term means swallowing?

deglutition

What term means movement of nutrients across the digestive epithelium?

absorption

What histological layer of the digestive tract is the outer layer of intraperitoneal organs?

serosa

What is the technical term for the mucous membrane fold connecting the tongue to the floor of the mouth?

lingual frenulum

Which salivary glands are found inferior to the zygomatic arch, partially overlaying the masseter?

parotid glands

Which region of the stomach is located at the junction with esophagus? 

Cardia

What modifications of the small intestine are extensions of the plasma membrane on the epithelium?

microvilli

What modifications of the small intestine are finger-like projections of inner mucous membrane with vessels?

villi

Functions of the large intestines include ___.

absorption of water, absorption of vitamin B12, compaction of waste, elimination of feces

What do we call the pouches of the large intestine that allow it to expand?

haustra

What portion of the large intestine curves inferiorly (between transverse and descending)?

 

left colic flexure

hat glandular organ, lying deep to the stomach, extends from the c-shaped section of the small intestine to the spleen?

pancreas

What component of bile transport carries bile to or from the gallbladder?

cystic duct

What double sheet of parietal peritoneum do we find between the greater curvature of the stomach and transverse colon, extending as an apron over the small intestines?

greater omentum

hat do we call the sphincter between the esophagus and the stomach that is associated with heart burn?

lower esophageal sphincter

Which section of the small intestine is the second, longer section, with the most prominent circular folds for increased nutrient absorption?

jejunum

What do we call the pouches of peritoneum filled with fat that attach to the large intestine?

omental appendices

What sphincter at the end of the digestive tract is involuntary and composed of smooth muscle?

internal anal sphincter

Which of the following are functions of hepatocytes?

Synthesis of bile, Synthesis of plasma proteins, Regulation of circulating levels of nutrients