APUSH Super-Fun All-Year Review

Columbian Exchange

The process by which plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas have been introduced from Europe, Asia, and Africa to the Americas and vice versa.

Encomienda System

A form of forced and unpaid labor used by Spanishauthorities and settlers in the colonies of the Spanish.

Caste System

A class structure that is determined by birth, (The opportunities you have are based on the status of the family you were born from.)

Nomadism

A way of life of peoples who do not live continually in the same place but move cyclically or periodically.

Pueblo Indians

A group of tribes that live in northeastern Arizona and northwestern Mexico. (Native Americans)

Asiento System

A contract granted by the Spanish crown to an individual or company allowing the holder exclusive rights in the slave trade with Spain’s American colonies.

Primogeniture Laws

A system of inheritance in which a person's property passes to their firstborn legitimate child upon their death.

Joint Stock Companies

An organization that is owned jointly by all its shareholders.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Treaty that split Brazil into Spanish and Portuguese control (gave no land to indigenous peoples)

Enlightenment

An intellectual and cultural movement that emphasised reason over superstition and science over blind faith.

1st Great Awakening

A religious revival that came with the idea of secular rationalism was being emphasised, and passion for religion had grown stale.

Transatlantic Slave

The purchase, transportation, and sale of enslaved people from Africa.

Jamestown

The first successful English colony in North America.

Mercantilism

A system in which a country attempts to get wealth through trade with other countries, exporting more than its imports and increasing stores of gold and precious metals.

Mayflower Compact

A legal instrument that bound the pilgrims together when they arrived in New England.

Navigation Acts

Acts of parliament intended to promote self-sufficiency to the British Empire by restricting colonial trade to England and decreasing dependence on foreign imported goods.

Zenger Trial

The trial and acquittal of New Yorker John Peter Zenger in 1735 on charges of seditious libel under the British colonial government.

Pequot War

An armed conflict between colonists and the Pequot tribe.

Pueblo Revolt

A revolution against Spanish economic, and political institutions imposed upon the Pueblos.

Act of Toleration

Act of parliament granting freedom of worship to nonconformists.

Bacon's Rebellion

The first popular revolt in England's North American Colonies.

King Philip's War

A failed effort by Native Americans of New England to drive out English colonists.

Salem Witch Trials

Women accused of being witches for literally EVERYTHING.

Democracy

Government by the people.

Republican Motherhood

The idea of women beginning to become educated, in order for them to be able to teach their children so the republic would succeed.

Northwest Ordinance

Charters a government for the Northwest territory, provided a method for admitting new states to the Union from the territory, and listed a bill of rights guaranteed in the territory.

Election of 1800

John AAdams v. Thomas Jefferson. The extremely partisan and outright nasty campaign failed to provide a clear winner because of a constitutional quirk.

Quakers

Followers of a religious movement that began as an offshoot of Christianity. Emphasised equal, inward access to god for all people.

Colonial Resistance

Collective actions taken by indigenous or subjugated populations against invading or dominating colonial powers.

Articles of Confederation

First constitution; really weak.

Inalienable Rights

Something that is not transferable or that is impossible to take away.

Natural Rights

God given rights that can never be taken or given away.

Alien and Sedition Acts

Tighted restrictions on foreign-born Americans and limited speech critical of the government.

Sons Of Liberty

Groups of American colonists who disagreed with British rule of the 13 North American Colonies.

French and Indian War

The North American conflict in a larger imperial war between Great Britain and France.

Stamp Act

Required the colonist to pay a tax, represented by a stamp, on various forms of papers, documents, and playing cards.

Sugar Act

Provided for a strongly enforced tax on sugar, molasses, and other products imported into the American colonies from non British Caribbean Sources.

Townshend Act

Initiated taxes on glass, lead, paint, paper, and tea.

Boston Massacre

A riot in Boston Ma, arising from the resentment of Boston colonists towards British troops quartered in the city, in which the troops fired on the mob and killed several people.

Battle of Lexington and Concord

The first battles of the American Revolution.

Common sense

A pamphlet written by Thomas Paine in 1776 that convinced many people that war for independence was worth fighting.

Shays Rebellion

A rebellion by Detroit farmers in western Massachusetts, led by Revolutionary War captain Daniel Shays, against Boston creditors. Demonstrated that the Articles of Confederation were weak b/c the fed gov couldn’t do anything about i

Whiskey Rebellion

Farmers of western Pennsylvania protested against the whiskey tax. Demonstrated that the Constitution was strong b/c Washington easily crushed the rebellion.

Manifest Destiny

The idea that white Americans were divinely ordained to settle the entire continent of North America.

2nd great Awakening

Settlers believed that God blesses the expansion of America.

Industrialization

The process of transforming the economy of a Nation or region from a focus on agriculture to a reliance on manufacturing.

Louisiana Purchase

A land deal between the United States and France, in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million.

Panic of 1819

The growth in trade that followed the war of 1812 came to an abrupt halt. Unemployment mounted, banks failed, and mortgages were foreclosed.

Era of Good Feelings

A period of relative stability, prosperity and peace.

Oregon Trail

A route used by the U.S. westward migrants, especially in the period from 1840 to 1860, starting in Missouri and ending in Oregon.

Trail Of Tears

The forced westward migration of American Indian tribes from South and Southeast.

Nullification crisis

South Carolina nullified a federal tariff that favoured Northern Manufacturing over Southern agriculture.

Missouri Compromise

A law that tried to address growing sectional tensions over the issue of slavery.

Guadalupe Hidalgo Treaty

Ended the war between the United States and Mexico.

Monroe Doctrine

Warned European powers not to interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere.

Indian Removal Act

Authourizing the president to grant lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands with existing state borders.

Transcendentalism

A philosophy started in the early 19th century that promotes intuitive, spiritual thinking instead of scientific thinking based on material things.

Horace Mann

Promoted universal education.

Temperance

The moderation or abstention in the use of alcohol.

Seneca Falls

The first woman's rights convention in the U.S; Women's right to vote was the main focus.

Lowell Mills

turned out a variety of textile goods.

War Of 1812

Pitted the young U.S in a war against Great Britain.

Embargo Act

Legislation by the Us Congress closed US ports to all exports and restricted imports from Britain.

Hartford Convention

Drafted constitutional amendments strengthening state controls over commerce and militias.

Tariff of Abominations

Southerners, arguing the tariff enhanced the interests of the Northern manufacturing industry at their expense.

Cult of Domesticity

A system of cultural beliefs or ideals in the 19th century that governed gender roles in upper- and middle class society.

Exceptionalism

The belief that the united States in either distinctive, unique, or exemplary compared to other nations

Sufferage

The right to vote in political elections

Nat Turner’s Rebellion

A 48 hour slave rebellion in which a group of slaves unsuccessful attempts to overthrow and kill planter families.

Corrupt Bargain

A political scandal that arose when the speaker of the house Henry Clay allegedly met with John Quicny Adams before the house election to break a deadlock.

Reconstruction

The United States grappled with the question of how to integrate millions of newly freed African AMericans into social, political, and labor systems.

Civil War

A war between organised groups within the same state.

Bessemer process

A process of making steel from pig iron by burning out carbon and other impurities by means of a blast of air forced through the molten metal.

Sectionalism

Overemphasized political, economic, and social loyalty to a region of a country rather than the country as a whole.

Fugitive Slave Act

Required that slaves be returned to their owners, even if they were in a free state.

Jim Crow Laws

A manifestation of authoritarian rule specifically directed at one racial group.

Compromise of 1877

An informal agreement between southern Democrats and allies of the republican Rutherford Hayes to settle the result of the 1876 presidential election marked the end of the reconstruction era.

Emancipation

The fact or process of being set free from legal , social, or political restrictions.

Anaconda Plan

Military strategy proposed by Union General Winfield Scott early in the American Civil War. The plan called for a naval blockade of the Confederate littoral, a thrust down the Mississippi and the strangulation of the South by Union land and naval forces.

Gadsden Purchase

A strip of land just south of the Mexican cession for $10 million.

Abolition

The act of getting rid of something.

Free Soil

U.S. Territory where prior to the Civil War slavery was prohibited.

Kansas Nebraska Act

Repealred the Missouri Compromise, created two new territories, and allowed for popular sovereignty.

Emancipation Proclamation

Abe declared “that all persons held as slaves” within the rebellious states “are, and henceforward shall be free.”

Transcontinental Railroad

Train route across the United States.

Uncle Toms Cabin

Tells the story of Uncle Tom, an enslaved person, depicted as saintly and dignified, noble and steadfast in his beliefs.

Bleeding Kansas

The period of violence during the settling of the Kansas territory.

Battle of Antietam

Turing point of the American Civil War.

Military Reconstruction

Outlined the terms for readmissions to representation of rebel states,

Compromise of 1850

The fugitive slave act was ammended and the slave trade in Washington DC. was abolished.

John Brown's Raid

A plan to provide weapons to slaves in order to start a slave revolt.

Homestead Act

Gave citizens or future citizens up to 160 acres of public land provided they live on it, improve it, and pay a small registration fee.

Industrial Revolution

significant technological advances caused the economy to shift dramatically from agriculture and artisan based on relying on manufacturing products.

Urbanisation

The increase in the proportion of people living in towns and cities.

Second Industrial Revolution

New inventions in the way that energy was produced and used.

Westward Expansion

A significant push towards the west coast of North America

Mathew Perry

Military leader who convinced Japanese to sign a treaty in 1853 with the U.S.

Dawes Act

The law authorised the president to break up reservation land, which was held in common by the members of a tribe, into small allotments to be parcelled out to individuals.

Titans of Industry

Positive name for wealthy business owners during the Gilded Age.

Sherman Antitrust

A law passed by congress to promote competition within the economy by prohibiting companies from colluding or merging to form a monopoly.