psy 235 brandt

Social psychology

The branch of psychological science mainly concerned with understanding how the presence of other's effect our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

Field experiment

Similar to lab experiment except it uses real-world situations.

Naturalistsic Observation

Watching people as they go about their lives.

Survey Research

Offers researchers to study attitudes, thoughts, and feelings. Questionnaire. In person.

Random assignment

Assigning participants to receive different conditions of an experiment by chance.

Priming

Exposing people to one stimulus makes certain thoughts, feelings, or behaviors more salient.

Archival research

Researcher analyses, records, or archives instead of collecting data from one live human participant

Correlation research

Descriptive relationship that involves measuring the association between two variables, or how they go together.

Ecological validity

A study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in every day life.

Nonconscious research

Based on actual behavior. Happens without conscious thought.

Lab Research

Controlled, Precise experiments

Internal Validity

The degree to which a cause-effect relationship between two variables has been unambiguously established.

External Validity

The degree to which a finding generalizes from the specific sample and context of a study to some larger population and broader settings.

Ecological Validity

The degree to which a study finding has been obtained under conditions that are typical for what happens in everyday life.

Confederate

A person who appears to be a participant is actually working for the research

Independent variable

They predict things, manipulated

Dependent variable

Being predicted, measured

Evolution

Change over time

Natural selection

Differential reproductive success as a consequence of differences in heritable attributes.

Adaptations

Evolved solutions to problems that historically contributed to reproductive success.

Sexual selection theory

The evolution of characteristics because of the mating advantage they give organisms. Charles Darwin.

intrasexual competition

A process of sexual selection by which members of one sex compete with each other, and the victors gain preferential mating access to members of the opposite sex.

intersexual selection

A process of sexual selection by which evolution (change) occurs as a consequences of the mate preferences of one sex exerting selection pressure on members of the opposite sex.

Physchological adaptations

Mechanisms of the mind that evolved to solve specific problems of survival or reproduction

Ethnographic studies

Research that emphasizes field data collection and that examines questions that attempt to understand culture from it's own context and point of view.

Cultural psychology

An approach to researching culture that emphasizes the use of interviews and observation as a means of understanding culture from its own point of view.

cross-cultural psychology

Emphasizes the use of standard scales as a means of making meaningful comparisons across groups

Standard scale

Research method in which all participants use a common scale—typically a Likert scale—to respond to questions.

Ethnocentric bias

Being unduly guided by the beliefs of the culture you've grown up in, especially when this results in a misunderstanding or disparagement of unfamiliar cultures.

Culture

A pattern of shared behavior among a group of people that is passed from one generation to the next

Situational identity

Being guided by different cultural influences in different situations, such as home versus workplace, or formal versus informal roles.

Cultural intelligence

The ability and willingness to apply cultural awareness to practical uses.

Enculturation

The uniquely human form of learning that is taught by one generation to another.

WEIRD

(Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic)

Liberalism

Wanting to have freedom and equality

Conservatism

Stresses resistance to change and justification of inequality

Cultural values

Whats best for you and drives meaning

Cultural fit

How your own value and goals match the culture you are in

Attachment Theory

• John Bowlby tested infants distress when separated from parents

• Harry Harlow experiments supported same idea that emotional bonds are driven by "contact comfort"

• research shows that secure individuals tend to have healthier, more satisfying relationships, while insecure may struggle

• Harry found that relationships is more than just giving food. EX. monkey's and the two different forms of dolls

attachment figure

Someone who functions as the primary safe haven and secure base for an individual. In childhood, an individual's attachment figure is often a parent. In adulthood, an individual's attachment figure is often a romantic partner.

attachment behaviors

Behaviors and signals that attract the attention of a primary attachment figure and function to prevent separation from that individual or to reestablish proximity to that individual (e.g., crying, clinging).

Ainsworth Strange Situation

A laboratory task that involves briefly separating and reuniting infants and their primary care giver as a way of studying attachment.

Secure attachment

a relationship in which an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver

anxious-resistant attachment

an insecure attachment between infant and caregiver, characterized by distress at separation and anger at reunion

avoidant attachment

attachments marked by discomfort over, or resistance to, being close to others

Security of attachment

An infant's confidence in the sensitivity and responsiveness of a caregiver, especially when he or she is needed. Infants can be securely attached or insecurely attached.

Authoritarian parenting

style of parenting in which parent is rigid and overly strict, showing little warmth to the child

Authoritative parenting

parenting style characterized by emotional warmth, high standards for behavior, explanation and consistent enforcement of rules, and inclusion of children in decision making

Theory of mind

Children's growing understanding of the mental states that affect peoples behaviors

Social Understanding

Majority of white parents avoid talking about race with their children

Racial science

Avoid discussion of race with their child

Color blind

Encourage children to not see race

Color conscious

Race exits, there is history of racism