repetition of a word or phrase at the beginning of successive phrases or lines
ex: **It was** the best of times, **it was** the worst of times, **it was** the age of wisdom, **it was** the age of foolishness, **it was** the epoch of belief, **it was** the epoch of incredulity, **it was** the season of Light, **it was** the season of Darkness, **it was** the spring of hope, **it was** the winter of despair
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**Antithesis**
opposition, or a contrast of ideas or words in a balanced & parallel construction
\n “*I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.*”
\n
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**Asyndeton**
lack of conjunctions between coordinate phrases, clauses, or words
\n He tried to betray you, to cheat you, to deceive you.
\ "I came to win, to fight, to conquer, to thrive. I came to win, to survive, to prosper, to rise."
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**Metaphor**
implied comparison of two objects that have nothing in common
\ MLK: “*[The Emancipation Proclamation] came as a joyous daybreak to end the long night of their captivity.*”
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**Climax**
an arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in an order of ascending power.
\n “Beauty is but a vain and doubtful good;
A shining gloss that vadeth suddenly;
A flower that dies when first it gins to bud;
A brittle glass that’s broken presently:
A doubtful good, a gloss, a glass, a flower,
Lost, vaded, broken, __**dead within an hour**__.”
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**Alliteration**
repetition of the beginning consonant of several words in a sentence
\n “*Rise from the dark and desolate”*
*“the marvelous new militancy”*
*“trials and tribulations*”
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**Allusion**
phrase or segment that refers to another work of art, noted person, or historical document
\n “*Five score years ago, a great American…signed the Emancipation Proclamation.*”
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**Call to Arms**
invitation, or appeal to undertake a particular course of action
\n “The war is inevitable—and let it come!”
***A speech by Patrick Henry March 1775***
\n
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**Ethos**
ethics or credibility; a trusted source of information
\n "As a doctor, I am qualified to tell you that this course of treatment will likely generate the best results."
\n
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**Logos**
Logic; based on factual evidence, to make sense, follows a believable order
\n "Ladies and gentlemen of the jury: we have not only the fingerprints, the lack of an alibi, a clear motive, and an expressed desire to commit the robbery… We also have video of the suspect breaking in. The case could not be more open and shut."
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**Pathos**
emotion; to appeal to human emotions
\ "If we don’t move soon, we’re all going to die! Can’t you see how dangerous it would be to stay?"
\
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**Amplification**
writer makes a point twice in a row, with greater emphasis, details, or explanation the second time—thus, amplifying it.
\n “*America has given the Negro people a bad check, a check which has come back marked ‘insufficient funds.’*”
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**Litotes**
Using understatement, along with a double negative
→ *draws our attention in*
\n “*I am not unmindful that some of you have come here out of great trials and tribulations.*”
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**Parallelism**
(A.K.A. parallel phrasing) the arrangement of words, phrases, clauses, or larger structures placed side by side, making them similar in form
\ “*We will be able to work together, to pray together, to struggle together, to go to jail together, to stand up for freedom together…*”
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**Antimetabole**
A figure of speech in which words or clauses from the first half of a sentence are repeated in the second half of the sentence in reverse order.
\ *“You stood up for America, now America must stand up for you.”*
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Flashcard (25)