Thẻ ghi nhớ: Unit 2 - Intelligence & Testing | Quizlet

intelligence

the ability to learn from experience, solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations.

general intelligence (g factor)

underlies specific mental abilities and is therefore measured by every task on an intelligence test.

savant syndrome

a condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill, such as in computation or drawing.

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions.

intelligence test

a method for assessing an individual's mental aptitudes and comparing them with those of others, using numerical scores.

achievement test

a test designed to assess what a person has learned.

aptitude test

a test designed to predict a person's future performance; aptitude is the capacity to learn.

mental age

a measure of intelligence test performance devised by Binet; the chronological age that most typically corresponds to a given level of performance.

Stanford-Binet

the widely used American revision (by Terman at Stanford University) of Binet's original intelligence test.

intelligence quotient (IQ)

defined originally as the ratio of mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 [thus, IQ = (ma/ca) x 100]. On contemporary intelligence tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100.

Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)

most widely used intelligence test; contains verbal and performance subtests.

standardization

defining uniform testing procedures and meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested group.

reliability

the extent to which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test, on alternate forms of the test, or on retesting.

validity

the extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to.

construct validity

the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure.

predictive validity

The success with which a test predicts the behavior it is designed to predict; it is assessed by computing the correlation between test scores and the criterion behavior.

cohort

a group of people from a given time period.

crystallized intelligence

our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills; tends to increase with age.

fluid intelligence

our ability to reason speedily and abstractly; tends to decrease during late adulthood.

cross-sectional study

a study in which people of different ages are compared with one another.

longitudinal study

A research approach that follows a group of people over time to determine change or stability in behavior.

intellectual disability

a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an intelligence score of 70 or below and difficulty in adapting to the demands of life; varies from mild to profound.

Down Syndrome

a condition of intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21.

heritability

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes. The heritability of a trait may vary, depending on the range of populations and environments studied.

stereotype threat

a self-confirming concern that one will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype.

Eugenics

the science of improving a human population by controlled breeding to increase the occurrence of desirable heritable characteristics.

psychometrics

the scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits.

Flynn effect

the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increasing over the years.

normal curve

the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes. Most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes.