midterm cogs 14a 2nd

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59 Terms

1

What is the first step in research?

Identify a topic.

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2

At what step do you consider ethics, validity, and limitations?

Design the study.

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3

What is the final step in research?

Communicate results.

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4

What is the purpose of a pilot study?

To find potential problems before conducting full research.

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5

Laboratory experiments generally have low ______ validity.

Ecological validity.

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6

What type of validity is concerned with generalizing findings outside the experiment?

External validity.

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7

A WEIRD sample can be an issue with what type of validity?

External validity.

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8

What does WEIRD stand for?

Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic.

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9

Where in an APA paper can you find the theoretical importance?

Introduction.

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10

Where can you find details about the study design?

Methods section.

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11

What is an operational definition?

An assigned observable behavior that is a proxy for a theoretical construct.

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12

What is a confederate in an experiment?

An experimenter acting as a participant.

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13

What is a case study?

Examining individuals with rare conditions.

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14

What is the best-fitting unit of analysis for neuroscience?

Neurons.

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15

What fields use experimentation as a method?

Psychology, Linguistics, Neuroscience.

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16

What type of research method observes subjects in their natural state?

Field studies.

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17

What is a disadvantage of non-experimental methods?

Cannot make causal inferences.

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18

What method quantifies the onset or duration of a cognitive operation?

Reaction time.

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19

What does an EEG measure?

Electrical activity in the brain.

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20

What is the primary advantage of MEG over EEG?

Better spatial resolution.

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21

Why must MEG be conducted in a shielded room?

To prevent interference from Earth’s magnetic field.

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22

What is a disadvantage of PET scans?

Poor temporal resolution.

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23

What technique uses the BOLD signal?

fMRI.

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24

What makes TMS unique?

It induces electrical current in neurons.

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25

What document established the first protocol for human research ethics?

Nuremberg Code.

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26

What principle does deception in research conflict with?

Respect for persons - informed consent.

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27

What principle was most violated in the Henrietta Lacks case?

Respect for persons.

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28

What committee oversees human research ethics?

Institutional Review Board (IRB).

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29

What committee oversees animal research?

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC).

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30

The average value in a population is called a…

Parameter.

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31

The average value in a sample is called a…

Statistic.

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32

What type of data has equal intervals but no true zero?

Interval data.

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33

What type of data has a true zero?

Ratio data.

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34

What type of statistical test is used for nominal data?

Chi-squared test.

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35

What type of statistical test compares means of two groups?

t-test.

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36

What statistical test is used for comparing more than two groups?

ANOVA.

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37

What measure of central tendency is affected by outliers?

Mean.

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38

If a dataset has extreme outliers, what is the best measure of central tendency?

Median.

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39

What is the typical amount that scores differ from the mean called?

Standard deviation.

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40

If a dataset has a long right tail, it is ______ skewed.

Positively skewed.

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41

If a dataset has a long left tail, it is ______ skewed.

Negatively skewed.

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42

What type of correlation exists if both variables increase together?

Positive correlation.

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43

What type of correlation exists if one variable increases while the other decreases?

Negative correlation.

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44

What does Pearson’s correlation coefficient measure?

Strength and direction of a linear relationship.

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45

What correlation coefficient value indicates no relationship?

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46

Which r-value is the weakest: +0.68, +0.33, -0.49, -0.81?

+0.33.

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47

What is an advantage of observational studies?

Can study variables that cannot be manipulated.

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48

What is a disadvantage of observational studies?

Cannot establish causation.

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49

What is the third variable problem?

A third variable influences both the independent and dependent variables.

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50

What Boolean search operator ensures both terms appear in results?

AND.

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51

What type of data can be counted but not divided into smaller units?

Discrete data.

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52

What type of data can take any value within a range?

Continuous data.

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53

What is a nuisance variable?

An uncontrolled variable that adds variability.

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54

What effect do nuisance variables have on a study?

Increase variability.

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55

What kind of statistical analysis predicts outcomes from multiple variables?

Multiple regression.

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56

What must researchers do when deception is used in a study?

Explain it in debriefing.

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57

What type of analysis finds the line of best fit?

Linear regression.

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58

What does a high standard deviation indicate?

Greater spread in the data.

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59

Can non-experimental research methods determine causation?

No.

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