Sports Psych Final Exam

group roles

involve behaviors required or expected of a person occupying a position

formal roles

dictated by nature and structure of organization (coach, team captain)

informal roles

evolve from group’s dynamics or interactions among members (comedian, cheerleader)

group norms

level of performance, pattern of behavior, or belief that can be formally or informally developed by group

Steiner’s Model

actual productivity = potential productivity - process losses

Ringelmann Effect

individual performance decreases as number of people in group increase

group cohesion

tendency for group to stick together and remain united in pursuit of objectives

task cohesion

degree to which members of group work together to achieve common goals

social cohesion

degree to which members of team like and enjoy each other

what contributes to an effective team climate?

social support, proximity, distinctiveness, fairness, similarity, task interdependence

leadership

process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a common goal

prescribed leaders

appointed by someone in authority; coaches, captains

Emergent leaders

emerge from group naturally and take charge

Multidimensional Model of Sport Leadership

combination of required, actual, and preferred leader behavior

interpersonal communication

at least two people in a meaningful exchange

intrapersonal communication

communication we have with ourselves; affects motivation and behavior

nonverbal communication

nonverbal cues; physical appearance, posture, gestures, etc.

advantage of asking vs telling

shift responsibility to recipient, increases recipients awareness, recipient more motivated

GROW

goal, reality, options, will

sandwich approach

positive statement, future oriented instruction, compliment

4 ways to receive messages effectively

active listening, supportive listening, aware listening, empathy and caring

PST program

education, acquisition, practice

education phase

teach athletes about psychological skill/concept

acquisition phase

focus on strategies and techniques to develop psychological skills

practice

practice skills and simulate competitions so that athletes can integrate into performance situation