AP Psychology Unit 7 Flashcards

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27 Terms

1
Person Perception
The process by which individuals form impressions, judgments, and evaluations of other people based on their characteristics, behavior, and social cues.
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2
Attribution Theory
A psychological framework that focuses on how individuals explain the causes of behavior, events, and outcomes.
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3
Dispositional Attribution
Explaining behavior in terms of personal characteristics or dispositions such as personality traits, abilities, or intentions.
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4
Situational Attribution
Attributing behavior to situational or environmental factors such as luck, task difficulty, or situational constraints.
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5
Explanatory Style
An individual's habitual way of explaining the causes of events, outcomes, and experiences in their life.
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6
Actor/Observer Bias
Differences in attributions made by actors (individuals engaging in behavior) versus observers (individuals observing the behavior of others).
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7
Fundamental Attribution Error
When individuals overemphasize the role of personal factors (internal attributions) and underestimate the impact of situational factors (external attributions) when explaining the behavior of others.
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8
Self-Serving Bias
A cognitive tendency where individuals attribute their successes to internal factors (such as their own abilities) and failures to external factors (such as luck).
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9
Internal Locus of Control
Believing you have control over your own life and the outcomes you experience.
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10
External Locus of Control
Believing that external factors, such as luck or fate, have the most influence over the events and outcomes in your life.
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11
Mere Exposure Effect
The phenomenon that repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases favorable feelings toward the stimuli.
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12
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
When a person's expectations unconsciously affect their actions and therefore the outcome of a situation.
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13
Social Comparison
The process by which individuals evaluate their own abilities and characteristics by comparing themselves to others.
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14
Upward Social Comparison
When individuals compare themselves to others who are perceived to be better off or more competent.
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15
Downward Social Comparison
When individuals compare themselves to others who are perceived to be worse off or less competent.
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16
Relative Deprivation
The feeling of dissatisfaction that arises when individuals perceive they are worse off compared to others.
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17
Attitude
A way of thinking or feeling about someone or something that is reflected in a person's behavior.
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18
Stereotype
A widely held, fixed, and oversimplified belief or idea about a particular type of person or group.
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19
Prejudice
A negative attitude toward individuals or groups based on their membership in a particular social category.
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20
Discrimination
The unjust or prejudicial treatment of individuals or groups based on their membership in a particular social category.
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21
Implicit Attitudes
Automatic and unconscious evaluations or preferences that individuals hold toward certain people, groups, or concepts.
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22
Just-World Phenomenon
The belief that the world is fundamentally fair and that people generally get what they deserve.
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23
Out-of-Group Homogeneity Bias
The tendency for individuals to perceive members of out-groups as more similar to each other than members of their own group.
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24
In-Group Bias
When individuals tend to favor members of their own group over members of other groups.
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25
Ethnocentrism
The practice of regarding one’s own ethnic, racial, or social group as the center of all things.
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26
Belief Perseverance
The tendency for individuals to cling to their initial beliefs even in the face of contradictory evidence.
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27
Cognitive Dissonance
A discrepancy between actions and attitudes.
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