Community weeks 1-6

epidemiologic framework

• triad — host, environment, agent

• IPAC

• public health

Community Health Promotion Model

AAPIE

• assessment

• analysis

• planning

• interventions

• evaluation

precede

diagnostic phase of model to assess and understand factors that contribute to health issues

4 stages of precede

• identify desired result

• set priorities and identify behavioural/environmental factors that inhibit achievement

• identify factors that can effect phase 2

• identify administrative and policy factors that influence implementation

proceed

talks about action based on research, implementing interventions and evaluating effectiveness of those interventions

SWOT purpose

diagnostic tool to analyze internal and external factors affecting the success of a project, organization, or initiative

SWOT meaning

strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, threats

SOAR purpose

more positive, forward thinking approach compared to SWOT focusing on visioning and long term outcomes

SOAR meaning

strengths, opportunities, aspirations, results

policy

a course or principle of action adopted or proposed by a government, party, business, or individual

politics

use of a relationship and power to gain ascendency among stakeholders to influence policy and allocation of scarce resources

power

ability to achieve a goal

health inequity

differences in health that are unnecesary, unavoidable, unfair, unjust, or in the presence of systemic disparities in health between social groups that have different levels of underlying social advantage or disadvantage

social justice

the view that everyone deserves equal rights and opportunities — including the right to good health

EPP report

achieving health for all

substantive equality

refers to due consideration of Canada’s collective history of colonization and the systemic wrongs endured by Indigenous people in the country

health equity

fair opportunity to reach fullest health potential — reduce unecessary/avoidable differences

health promotion

process of enabling people to increase contol over and to improve their health

5 principles of primary health care

APHAI

• accessibility

• public participation

• health promotion

• appropriate technology

• intersectoral collaboration/cooperation

5 key actions of the Ottawa charter for health promotion

• healthy public policy

• creative supportive environments for health

• strengthen community action

• develop personal skills

• reorient health services toward preventing diseases and promoting health

population health promotion

• process of taking action on the interrelated conditions that affect a populations health to create healthy change

• use of collaborative and partnership strategies to community development and relationship building

social marketing

the use of marketing principles and techniques to advance to a social clause, idea, or behaviour to promote changes in social behaviours

what is the goal of social marketing

to encourage health promoting behaviours or to elimiate/significantly reduce behaviours that negatively impact a populations health

harm reduction goal

to reduce the more immediate and related harms arising from engaging in that behaviour

screening

testing individuals who do not have symptoms to detect a health problem

surveillance

the constant watching or monitoring of diseases to assess patterns and quickly identify events that do not fit the pattern

association

occurs when there is reasonable evidence that a connection exists between a stressor or environmental factors and a disease or health challenge

causation

an association that has been confirmed and there is a definite, statistical cause and effect relationship between a particular stimulus and occurence of a disease

survival (prognosis) rates

the effect of a given disease that can be used to compare the efficacy of various treatments

morbidity (illness) rates

picture of a population and disease over time, questions population susceptibility and effectiveness of health promotion or treatment

prevalence

picture of specific disease process in a population at ONE given point in time

incidence

identification of new cases of a disease in a population within a specified point in time

case reports

comprehensive report of a disease case

case series

bunch of case reports together

cross sectional studies

snapshots of the present

case control studies

individuals with the disease are matched with individuals who are similar in some characteristics but have not manifested the disease

relative risk ratio

compares risk for a disease between 2 populations

odds ratio

provides epidemiologists with a measure of association between an exposure and an outcome

OR = 1

exposure does not affect odds of outcome

OR > 1

exposure associated with higher odds of outcome

OR < 1

exposure associated with lower odds of outcome

outbreak

when the new cases of a disease exceed the normal occurence during a given period of time

endemic

the constant presence of a disease or infectious agent within a given geographic area or population group

pandemic

occurs over a wide area and usually affects a large proportion of the population

host

need somewhere for the infectious disease to live — typically human and changes based on age, gender, genetics, social status, what to do for a living

agent

need to having infectious disease, pathogen, how contagious it may be, resistance to abx, characteristics, transmission

What carries the highest risks for STI transmission

receptive anal intecourse and vaginal intercourse

what are the nationally reported STIs

chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphillis, HIV

what are the most common blood brone infections

HIV, hep B, hep C, and viral hemorrhagic fevers

enteric infections

enter both through the mouth and intestinal tract — Hep A

food borne infections

infection acquired though consumption of contaminated food

water borne infections

pathogens enter water supplies through fecal contamination from animals or humans to cause enteric illnesses

parasitic diseases

mode of transmission is typically water and person to person through contaminated feces

zoonic infection

transmissible between animals and humans but do not need humans to maintain their life cycle

vector borne infections

passed by viruses, bacteria, and parasites that living creatures cary and pass onto other living creatures

most frequent cause of respiratory infections

viruses

most common upper respiratory infections

rhinovirus, coronavirus

most common lower respiratory infections

influenza, parainfluenza, respiratory syncytial, adenovirus

primary level of prevention — communicable diseases

reduce impact of risk factors — immunizations

secondary level of prevention — communicable diseases

identify disease processes as early as possible — disease screening

tertiary level of prevention — communicable diseases

reduce likelihood of persistence or progression and reduce impact of long term disease or disability

quaternary level of prevention — communicable diseases

identification of populations or individuals at risk for over medicalization

race

an idea created by humans with no basis in biology created to categorize individuals based on physical features

racism

cultural and structural racism that assigns value and grants opportunities and priviledges based on race

racialization

a process that connects racial meaning to inequality

internalized racism

mastery and ownership of attitudes, beliefs, and actions that reflect superiority of ones racial identity

interpersonal/relational racism

over expression of racism between people - may be in the form of microaggression, racial slurs, assaults, discriminatory behaviour

systemic racism

policies and practices within institutions that lead to racially biased outcomes and experiences

cultural racism

values and beliefs that maintain a racial hierarchy

structural racism

systems that create and reinforce racial inequities

stereotype

exaggerated beliefs, fixed images, often negative

prejudice

a way of thinking based on stereotypes

discrimination

actions or inactions based on prejudice

oppression

discrimination backed up by stuctural power relation

dependence

progressive in nature and affects the physiological, cognitive, behavioural, and psychological dimensions of a persons health

addiction

hard to define and has a strong negative connotation

4 pillars approach to substance use

• prevention

• treatment

• harm reduction

• enforcement

concurrent disorder

one or more co-occuring mental health challenges simultaneously with problematic substance

harm reduction and substance use

program or policy designed to reduce drug-related harms without requiring the cessation of drug use

levels of prevention and substance use — primordial

supporting public policy making that reduces structural inequalities

levels of prevention and substance use — primary

health promotion activities including regulations, policies, halth warning labels, harm reduction

levels of prevention and substance use — secondary and tertiary

• screening

• early identification

• treatment

• harm-reduction programs

levels of prevention and substance use — quaterinary

address stigma around substances

most common bacterial STIs

• chlamydia

• gonorrhoea

• syphilis

viral and ecoparasitic STI examples

• genital herpes

• HPV

• pubic lice

• scabies

how can HIV be tansmitted from the mother to the neonate

during pregnancy/birth and through to a child through breastmilk

STI considerations for community health

• underreported - lack of testing

• inadequately addressed and untreated

• safer sex fatigue

• treatment optimism

syndemic theory interventions for STBBIs

are strategies that address the interconnectedness of social, environmental, and biological factors that contribute to the prevalence and impact of sexually transmitted and blood-borne infections.