元気: Lesson 9 (Grammar)

Past tense short forms verbs in the affirmative (To read)

Replace て／で In te-forms with た／だ (よんで；よんだ）

Past tense short forms verbs in the negative (To read)

Replace い in the present tense negative ない with かった (よまない；よまなかった）

Past tense short forms i adjectives in the affirmative and negative (Cute)

Drop the final です in the long forms (かわいかったです；かわいかった／かわいくなかったです；かわいくなかった）

Past tense short forms na adjectives and noun + desu in the negative (Quiet; student)

Drop the final です in the long forms (しずかじゃなかったです；しずかじゃなかった／がくせいじゃなかったです；がくせいじゃなかった）

Past tense short forms na adjectives and noun + desu in the affirmative (quiet; student)

Replace でした in the long forms with だった（しずかでした；しずかだった／がくせいでした；がくせいだった）

Irregular past tense short forms (to go/good)

いく；いった／いい；よかった；よくなかった

In what ways can the past tense short forms be used in the same way as the present tense forms?

In casual conversations/In represented or quoted speech

When quoting other's speech what is preserved in the report?

The tense of the original utterance

Sue said that she wore (had worn) glasses in high school

スーさんはこうこうのときめがねをかけていたといっていました

I think Tom did it

（わたしは）トムさんがやったとおもいます

What other function can short forms of verbs be used for?

To qualify nouns (like adjectives)

A person who is interesting

おもしろいひと

A person who has long hair

かみがながいひと

A person who wears glasses

めがねをかけるひと

A person who likes cats

ねこがすきなひと

(Who is) the person taking pictures over there?

あそこでしゃしんをとっているひと（はだれですか）

People who do physical exercises every day (are healthy)

まいにちうんどうするひと（はげんきです）

(I like) people who do not smoke

たばこをすわないひと（がすきです）

(A letter came from) a friend who got married last year

きょねんけっこんしたともだち（からてがみがきました）

What is past tense used with in the affirmative?

words like きのう (disconnected from the present) and もう ('already', connected to the present)

I did the homework yesterday/I have already done the homework

わたしはきのうしゅくだいをしました／わたしはもうしゅくだいをしました

How do we use 'teiru' in the past tense?

ている is used if your intention is to talk about how things stand now ('not yet')

I did not do the homework yesterday/I have not done the homework yet

わたしはきのうしゅくだいをしませんでした／わたしはまだしゅくだいをしていません

Grammar rule for having not done something yet

まだ～ていません（Have not... yet)

Where can the use of 'teiru' be found?

In verbs describing changes and verbs describing activities

Sue has not woken up yet

スーさんはまだおきていません

I haven't eaten lunch yet

わたしはまだひるごはんをたべていません

'kara' grammar rule

(explanation) から、(situation) = (situation), because (explanation) = (explanation), therefore, (situation)

I will study in the evening because we have an exam tomorrow (explanation, because, situation)

あしたしけんがあるから、わたしはこんばんべんきょうします

We didn't go because it was cold (= it was cold, therefore, we didn't go out)

さむかったから、でかけませんでした

Let's go to see Kabuki. I have tickets (explanation, because, situation)

かぶきのきっぷがありますから、いっしょにみにいきましょう