1.5 Symbols, Formulae and Equations 🔣

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Description and Tags

Chemistry

Chemical Reactions

GCSE Chemistry

CCEA

Structures, Trends, Chemical Reactions, Quantitative Chemistry and Analysis

9th

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41 Terms

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Chemical symbol

represents element in periodic table with one or two letters, first being capital

<p>represents element in periodic table with one or two letters, first being capital</p>
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Interpreting formula

subscript refers to number of element before

<p>subscript refers to number of element before</p>
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Formula with brackets

multiply atoms inside with subscript outside

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Ion charge/ valency

  • Group 1: +1

  • Group 2: +2

  • Group 3: +3

  • Group 4: ±4

  • Group 5: -3

  • Group 6: -2

  • Group 7: -1

  • Group 8: 0

<ul><li><p>Group 1: +1</p></li><li><p>Group 2: +2</p></li><li><p>Group 3: +3</p></li><li><p>Group 4: ±4</p></li><li><p>Group 5: -3</p></li><li><p>Group 6: -2</p></li><li><p>Group 7: -1</p></li><li><p>Group 8: 0</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Working out formula (swap and drop)

  • write elements down with their charge/ valency

  • swap their numbers

  • write formula

<ul><li><p>write elements down with their charge/ valency</p></li><li><p>swap their numbers</p></li><li><p>write formula</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Word equations

reactants → products

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Metal + oxygen →

Metal oxide

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Metal + cold water →

metal hydroxide + hydrogen

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Metal + steam →

metal oxide + hydrogen

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Metal + acid →

salt + hydrogen

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Base + acid →

salt + water

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Metal carbonate + acid →

salt + water + carbon dioxide

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Metal carbonate →(heat)

metal oxide + carbon dioxide

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Hydrocarbon fuel + oxygen →

carbon dioxide + water

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Chemical reaction

rearranging atoms (reactants) to make new chemicals (products)

<p>rearranging atoms (reactants) to make new chemicals (products)</p>
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Conservation of mass

no atoms are lost or made but are rearranged, mass products = mass reactants

<p>no atoms are lost or made but are rearranged, mass products = mass reactants</p>
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Balancing symbol equations

elements must have equal numbers of atoms on both sides

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Writing balanced symbol equations

  • write out equation

  • count atoms on each side

  • add more until they are equal

  • write the amount as coefficient (big number)

<ul><li><p>write out equation</p></li><li><p>count atoms on each side</p></li><li><p>add more until they are equal</p></li><li><p>write the amount as coefficient (big number)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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(s)

solid

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(l)

liquid

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(g)

gas

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(aq)

aqueous solution (dissolved in water)

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Ionic equations

only shows ionic compounds which react, leaving out spectator ions

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Neutralisation ionic equation (will always be the same)

H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)

<p><span>H</span><sup>+</sup><span>(aq) + OH</span><sup>-</sup><span>(aq) → H</span><sub>2</sub><span>O(l)</span></p>
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Displacement ionic equation

remove ions which do not react (one that switches)

<p>remove ions which do not react (one that switches)</p>
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Half equations

shows change of atom/ molecule into ion

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Writing half equations

  • write balanced reactant and product

  • write their charges

  • balance them by adding electrons

<ul><li><p>write balanced reactant and product</p></li><li><p>write their charges</p></li><li><p>balance them by adding electrons</p></li></ul><p></p>
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Common compounds

formula must be memorised as may not be given

<p>formula must be memorised as may not be given</p>
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Water

H2O

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Carbon monoxide

CO

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Carbon dioxide

CO2

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Sulfur dioxide

SO2

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Nitrogen monoxide

NO

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Nitrogen dioxide

NO2

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Ammonia

NH3

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Methane

CH4

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Hydrochloric acid

HCl

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Nitric acid

HNO3

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Sulfuric acid

H2SO4

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Sodium hydroxide

NaOH

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Potassium hydroxide

KOH