Patho11-12

Where are endocrine glands located?

scattered throughout the body

the adrenal gland controls what hormones

epi, norepi, adh, aldostorne

what type of mechanism controlls the release of hormones from glands

negative feedback

a deficit in growth hormone production and release

dwarfism

excess GH prior to puberty and fusion of epiphysis

gigantism

disorder that occurs when the growth plate is still open

gigantism

pt appears really tall, transverse growth of bone, and can have cardiac issues

gigantism

excess GH secretion in adults

acromegaly

disorder accoiscated with adenoma

acromegaly

pt appears to have bones that are broader and heavier, and appear to have enlarged hands/feet and changes in facial features

acromegaly

which disorder occurs when the growth plate has closed

acromegaly

do bones grwo longer or wider if pt has acromegaly

wider

when does acromegaly occur

due to brain tumors by pitutary gland

are patient with GH defiency given GH

no b/c it can be unhealthy

at what time does the growth hormoe get release

at nighttime

how many throid hormones are there

2

which hormone stimulates the release of two thryoid hormones

TSH

what gland release TSH

pitutary gland

order in which thyroid hormones are release

pituatry gland release TSH, which then causes the thyroid to release t3-T4

thyroid disorders may result from ___ and ___ dysfunction

pituitary, or thyroid

common sign of a thyroid disorder

goiter

what is a goiter

thyroid enlargment

hypothyroid condition in regions with low iodine levels in soil and food

endemic goiter

foods that contain elements to block synthesis of T3 and T4

goiterogens

results from hyperactiity of thyroid gland

toxic goiter

graves disease

hyperthyroidism

thyroid disorders that decrease the metabolism

hypothyrdoisim

thyroid disorder that has an autoimmmune component

hypothyrodism

which thryoid disorder has hypermetabolism and increased stiumulation of SNS

hyperthyroidism

increased body temp., sweating, soft silky hair and skin, reduced BMI, insomnia, hyperactivity

hyperthyroidism

people with this disorder tend to get irraited easily and can get mistaken with mania

hyperthyroidism

what type of goiter is present in hyperthyrdoism

toxic goiter

common sign in hyperthyroidism

exophthalamos

presence of protuding, staring eyes, decreased blink/eye movement

exophthalamos (thyroid eye disease)-frog eyes

what causes exophthalamos

increase tissue mass that grows excessively in the orbit

how would you know if the thryoid gland isn’t working

if there is no T3-T4 hormones in body

thyroid disorder due to iodine deficet

hypothryodism

autoimmune disorder that attacks the thyroid causing it to become nonfunctioning

hasimoto thyroidisitis

4 causes of hypothyrdoism

• iodine deficiet

• hasimotot thyrdoisitis

• tumor

• cretinism

a ___ can cause thryoid to be surgically removed which can lead to hypothyrdoism

tumor

disease resulting i short stature and severe cognitive deficits, that can be related to iodine defieciney during pregnancy

hypothyroidism

untreated congeital hypothyroidism

hypothrydoisim

which two hormones are importnat for infant develop

t3-t4

Some signs of hypothyrdoism

• goiter (iondine defiency)

• inolterance to cold

• increased BMI

• Lethargy and fatigue

• decreased appetite

• bradycardia

what can be seen in severe untreated hypothyroidism

myxedema

nonpitting edema in face, thicken tongue

myxedema

pt has acute hypotension, hypoglycemia, and hypothermia that leads to LOC

myxedema

myxedmea coma is commonly seen in what pop

baby

patient presents with high serum levels of t3 and t4

hyperthyroidism

pt presents with a low metabolic rate

hypothyroidism

patient presents with endemic goiter, pale cool skin, cold intolerance

hypothyroidism

pt presents with high metabolic rate, graves disease, flushed and warm, and heat intolerance

hyperthyroidism

which thyroid disease causes tachycardia and increase bp

hyperthyroidism

which thyroid disease causes restless, nervous and tremors

hyperthyroidism

deficiency of adrenocorticoid secretion

addision disease

what is a common cause of addison disease

autoimmune reaction

what gland releses adrenocorticoids

adrena gland

what can destroy an adrenal gland

infection, hemorrhage

due to low adrenocorticoid secretions during addison disease, blood sugar levels will __ and adh/aldosterone is _

decrease; surpressed

patient with deficiency of adrenocorticoid secretions that prsents with hypoglycemia and polyuria

addison disease

diseasethat decreases blood glucose levels, inadequate stress response, fatigue, weight loss, frequence infecitons, low Na+, decreased blood volume, hypotension, and high potassium levels

addison disease

why does blood glucose decrease in Addison disease

b/c the adrenal gland isn’t releasing coritsol which is responsible for glucogenesis, so if theres no glucogensis and gluocse being produced then the glucose count decreases

why do pts with addison disease have a decreased blood volume

due to not enough o2 in the cell which causes lactic acid to build up, causing the cell to lysis and release the acid into the blood stream which causes a metabolic acidosos

why is there a high potassium level with a pt with addison disease

b/c the lactic acid attracts potassium into the blood stream resulting in hyperkalemia as wlel

syndrome that occurs by excessive levels of glucocorticoids released by adrenal cortex

cushing syndrome

5 conditions that can result in cushing syndrome

• adrenal adenoma

• pitutiary adenoma

• ectopic carcinoma

• latrogenic conditions

• substance abuse

appearance of a person with cushing syndrome

• round face, ruddy color

• truncal obesity, with fat pad between scap

• thin limbs

• thin hair

• fragile skin

Cushing syndrome is due to excessive release of (3 hormones)

• coritosl, adh, aldosterne

a pt with cushing syndrome will have increase __- volume with overall edma in face legs and turnk

fluid

a pt who presents with retention of Na and H2O, with a supressed immune response and emotional lability and euphoria has

cushing syndromes

increase catabolism of bone and protein, delayed healing , and increased insulin resistance and possible glucose intolerance due to

cushing syndrome

why does a pt with cushing sndrome have delayed healing

b/c of the suppresed immune response due to excessive cortisol, which doesn’t allow leukocytes to be present at wound site.

why do pt with cushing syndrome grow an increased insulin ressitance

b/c there is to much glucose causing the pancreas to become overworked

which syndrome is an excess of glucocoritcoids (cortisol)

Cushing

which adrenal cortex disorder causes hypotension and syncope

addision disease

which adrenal cortex disease can cause hyperpigmentaion

Addison disease

pt with high t3,t4 count, high metablic rate, goiter, flushed and warm, heat intolerance, exopthalamos, tachycardia, increased bp, restless, nervous, tremors, and thing but increased appetite have

hyperthyroidism

which disease causes person to have a moonface

cushing syndromes

hypersyntehsis of calicum

hyperaprathyroidsim

which disorders results in hypercalcemia

hyperparathyroisim

hyperparathyroidsm can led to (3)

• osteoporisis, kidney stones forfeul cardiac contractions

3 cauess of hyperparathyroidsim

tumor, paraneoplastic syndrome, secondary to renal failure

pt comes in with calcium defieincy what disorder could they have

hypoparathyrodism

deficit of the ADH hormone

diabetes inspidius

does diabetes inspidius cause blood glucose to go up or down

neither the blood glucose remains the same

2 signs of diabetes inspidius

polyuria and polydpsia b/c this disorder doesn’t allow you to retain fluids

from what can diabetes inspidius orginate in

neurohypophysis

2 caues for diabetes inspidus

• head trauma, and possible genetic problem

excess ADH secretion

inappropriate ADH shyndrome

what triggers excess release of ADH

stress

what might be the cause of excess adh secretions

tumors (eptoic sources)

what is a sign that is commonly seen in patient that are secreting excess adh

swelling/edema due to massive fluid retnetion

2 treatments for ainappropriate ADH syndrome

diuertrics and sodium supplemets

basic problems is inadequate insulin effects in receptor tissues

diabetes mellitus

results in a defecit of insulin secretion and production of insulin antagonsits

diabetes mellitus

which disease results in abnoral carb, protein and fat metabolism

daibetes

when there is an abscene of insulin which tissues can tranpsot glucose

• CNS, kindey, myocardium, gut and skeletal muscle

which muscles can partially meet tissue neds without the presence of insulin

skeletal muscle

Autoimmune destruction of beta cells in pancrease

diabetes type 1

which tyep of diabetes requires insulin replacement

type 1