History I Honors Midterm Studyguide Part 2

Who was Volatire?

He wrote the Candide

- Says we should be more realistic that optimistic

- Freedom of speech, press, and religion

Who was John Locke?

Wrote the Second Treatise of Civil Government

- Democracy

Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?

Wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women

- Women should get the same opportunities as men

Who was Jean-Jacques Rousseau?

He wrote The Social Contract

- Wants general will - democracy

Who was Baron de Montesquieu?

He wrote The Spirit of the Laws

- Checks + balances (executive, legislative, and judicial branches)

Who was Thomas Hobbes?

He wrote the Leviathan

- Dictatorship, absolutism

Who was Cesare Beccaria?

He wrote on Crimes and Punishment

- Wants appropriate punishments for the accused - no death penalties

Who King Phillip II?

King of Spain

Made Spanish Armada - failed

Well educated

No enlightened ideals - Absolutism authority - wanted to unite Europe over Catholicism

Who was King Louis XIV?

King of France

"Sun King" - divine right theory

Built Palace of Versailles - patron of the arts, reduced taxes

Abused power, no religious toleration, and no freedom of Speech/Press

Enlightened ideals - none

Who was Queen Maria Theresa?

Queen of Holy Roman Empire

Father wrote Pragmatic Sanction to let her rule

No religious tolerance

Enlightened ideals - more rights for women, expand education, and more freedom for lower class

Who was Czar Peter the Great?

Czar of Russia

Westernized Russia

Treaty of Nystad - Gave Russia a trade access to the Baltic Sea

Made Table of Ranks created Petersburg Academy

Enlightened ideals - brings education to Russia and table of Ranks

Who was King Fredrick the Great?

King of Prussia- ruled Prussia (present day germany)

Won battles with HRE - gets the territory of Silesia

Battles put economic/ social pressure on subject

Enlightened ideals - Religious Freedom, social contract, gets rid of torture and patron of Voltaire

Who was Catherine the Great?

Empress of Russia

Increased Russia's Strength and Power

By gaining access to the Baltic and Black Sea

Forced labor (Serfs)

Enlightened ideals - Pen Pals with Voltaire and increased education (women)

What are three reasons for the English Civil War?

Elizabeth I (Religion)

James I (Not abiding by Magna Carta)

Charles I (Divine Right Theory)

What was the first document to limit the Kings Power in 1215?

The Magna Carta

Who did the roundheads support?

Parliament

Who did the cavaliers support?

King Charles I

What was the Divine Right Theory?

God gives the ruler the right to rule - cannot be questioned

Which government best describes divine right?

Absolutism

What was the Declaration of Indulgence?

Grants religious freedom (goes against Test Act)

After teh Glorious Revolution what type of government does England have?

Consitutional Monarchy

Which doc makes a constitutional monarchy in England?

English Bill of Rights

What were the dates of the Enlightenment?

1685 - 1815

What were the dates of the English Civil war?

1642-1651

What does the English Bill of Rights do?

Limit royal power and ends absolutism

What is a reason why the royalists lost the war?

They never captured London

Which of the following later developments would best support Copernicus' claims regarding the motion of spheres?

Kepler's formulation of the laws of planetary motion

What undermined Copernicus' hope that the papacy would be receptive to his arguments?

The trial of Galileo for publishing heretical works

"My mathematical and scientific achievements brought me great fame. I am remembered especially for inventing calculus and discovering the law of gravitation." Who would have said this?

Newton

What were the motivations of Protestant peasants during the peasant revolts?

Peasants were driven by their own interpretation of scriptur

What did the Counter Reformation uphold?

The traditional Catholic doctrine and theology

In addition to reforming the Church, the other, unrealized goal, of the Council of Trent was

Reconciling with Protestants

Who authorized the Index of Prohibited books?

Catholic Church

Major Protestant and Roman Catholic leaders of the 16th century condemned the Anabaptists because Anabaptists...

Advocated a complete separation of church & state

Does the School of Athens exhibit spiritual subject matter?

The School of Athens does not exhibit spiritual subject matter

The Northern Renaissance Humanists on religious themes were most closely connected to...

Desire to reform the issues with the Roman catholic church

What religion controlled the Holy Land, and caused Europe to invade during the crusades?

Muslims

What religion controlled the Holy Land, and caused Europe to invade during the crusades?

Asia

Which continent did Portugal sail to first?

Africa

A conquistador was a Spanish what?

Conquerer

How did Spain defeat the Incas?

Allied with their enemy tribes

Disease spread

Had better weapons

A plantation was a large what?

Farm

Which economic activity were the French interested in?

Fur trade

Which civilization was the first to colonize what is now called New York?

The Netherlands

Mercantilism is a(n)...

Economic Theory

The Atlantic slave trade and middle passage was part of....

The triangular trade

Portugal sets sail in the...

1300s

Spain conquers South America in the...

1500s

England creates the 13 colonies in the ...

1600s

Which European country settles in the Canadian region

France

Which European country settles in Brazil

Portugal

Which ancient civilization is in present day Peru?

Incas

What was the Aztecs terriotry?

Northern Mexico - above Incas

Which scientist used the deductive method of reasoning?

Rene Descartes

Which scientist used the inductive method of reasoning (Scientific Method)?

Francis Bacon

Which renaissance focused on peasant life in their paintings?

Northern Renaissance

Which renaissance focused on secular ideas in their paintings?

Italian Renaissancw

What does secular mean?

Non religious

This person summoned Luther to the diet of worms

Charles V

What is the English Reformation?

When Henry VIII breaks away from the Catholic Church

What is the Counter Reformation?

When the catholic church reconfirms church beliefs & gets rid of corruption

Does the Catholic Church still have indulgences today?

Yes

Is Parliament is a judicial body of government?

No, it is legislative

What is the judicial branch?

The court system that settles disagreements about the law and explains what the law means

What is the legislative branch?

The branch of government that makes the laws - Parliament

What is the executive branch?

The branch of the United States government that is responsible for carrying out the laws

The Stuart restoration brought back what?

Brought back the monarchy in England

What did Rousseau not believe in?

Equality between men and woman

What did Voltaire not believe in?

Catholicism

Which queen abolished religious toleration in the Holy Roman Empire?

Maria Theresa

When did King Charles I assume the throne?

1625

What were the paintings like in the Northern Renaissance?

Not secular - painted mainly peasants

What did Botticelli paint?

Secular paintings - Birth of Venus