Human physiology and anatomy 2 Midterm 1

Where is the heart located?

Located within the mediastinum (also contains large blood vessels, trachea and esophagus)

what surrounds the heart?

Surrounded by pericardium and sits in a space called the pericardial cavity

where does the posterior surface of the heart lie?

Posterior surface of heart lies near vertebrae

where does the anterior surface of the heart sit?

Anterior sits deep to sternum

what is the superior surface of the heart called?

Superior surface of heart called the base – major blood vessels enter and exit from here

what is the inferior tip of the heart called?

Inferior tip of heart is called the apex

where does the apex of the heart lie?

It lies just left of the sternum.

How many parts does the pericardium consist of?

two

what are the two part of the pericardium?

It consists of two parts: the outer fibrous pericardium and the inner serous pericardium.

The outer fibrous pericardium?

The outer fibrous pericardium is a tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue layer. It prevents overstretching of the heart, provides protection, and anchors the heart in place.

the inner serous pericardium?

The inner serous pericardium is thinner and forms a double layer around the heart (visceral and parietal layers).

The outer parietal layer of the serous pericardium is fused to the ________?

fibrous pericardium.

The inner visceral layer of the serous pericardium?

is also called the epicardium (epi = on top of), adheres tightly to the surface of the heart. Considered to be most superficial layer of the heart

what is between the two pericardial layers?

Between the two layers is the pericardial cavity which is filled with a lubricating serous fluid (pericardial fluid)

Deep to visceral pericardium (epicardium) is the _________?

Deep to visceral pericardium (epicardium) is the intermediate and thickest layer of the heart the myocardium.

what does the myocardium consist of?

Consists of cardiac muscle cells and a fibrous skeleton (dense irregular connective tissue with lots of collagen fibers)

what does the fibrous skeleton help with in the myocardium?

Fibrous skeleton provides additional support in the interventricular and interatrial septa and around the heart valves, and acts as an electrical insulator

Deep to the myocardium is the ________?

Deep to the myocardium is the deepest layer of the heart the endocardium

What is the endocardium composed of?

Composed of specialized simple squamous epithelium (endothelium), Continuous with endothelium of blood vessels.

Auricles

• Externally located over each atria

• Named for their resemblance to an

  ear

• Expand to allow atria to hold more

  blood

• Internal surface contains pectinate

  muscle (right atrium only)

Ventricles

• Inferior to auricles and atria

• Right ventricle pumps blood to the

  lungs

• Left ventricle pumps blood to the

  rest of the body

• Left ventricle is 3x more muscular

  (much thicker myocardium)

• Divided by interventricular septum

Shallow grooves called _____ contain blood vessels involved in coronary circulation

sulci

where is the atrioventricular sulcus located?

Atrioventricular sulcus located at boundary between atria and ventricles