Phys Chapter 22: Metabolic adaptations, energy, balance, and temperature regulation

Where does energy to form ATP come from?

• food we eat (carbs, fats, proteins)

• catabolism of our body tissues

The energy value in food is measured as what

kilocalories

1 kilocalorie (1 Calorie) is equal to how many calories

1000 calories

1 calorie is equal to the amount of energy to raise how many cm of water

to raise 1 cubic cm water 1 degree C

Energy requirements depend on what

physical activity

The typical rqange, average female, and average male energy requirements

• can range from 1,300 to 5,000 kcal/day

• average male= 2,900 kcal/day

• average female= 2,100 kcal/day

what molecules can be used for energy

glycogen and fat are good sources, body proteins can be used in emergencies

once fatty acids, glucoes, and amino acids are in the blood stream, what do they do?

they are ciculationg energy constructs

What is the brains preferred energy source

glucose

what is the skeletal muscles at rests preferred energy source?

fatty acids

What organs use ketone bodies

brain

what organ uses lactic acid

heart

what organ uses amino acids

liver

How is the metabolic rate measured

by the amount of heat generated or amounf ot O2 consumed per minute

what is the basal metabolic rate (BMR)

• measurement of the metabolic rate in quiet, resting, and fasting condition

• 1200-1800 kcal/day in adults

What hormone increased basal metabolic rate

T3/T4

What factors affect metabolic rate

hormones, exercise, nervous system, body temperature, ingestion of food, age, other factors

what hormones affect metabolic rate

• T3 and T4 are major regulators of BMR - calorigenic effect

• testosterone, insulin, and growth hormone

How does exercise affect metabolic rate

strenuous exercise increases metabolic rate 15x the basal rate

how does the nervous system affect metabolic rate

• sympathetic NS

• Epi/Norepi

How does body temperature affect metabolic rate

an increase in 1 degree Celsius increased the rate of reactions by 10%

How does ingestion of food affect metabolic rate

food induced thermogenesis- “cost” of digesting, absorbing, and storing nutrients

what other factors affect metabolic rate

age, gender, sleep, climate, malnutrition, etc.

what is the absorptive state

ingested nutrients enter the blood stream from GI tract to provide energy for the body 

the absorptive state has what readily available in blood

readily available glucose in blood

what is the post absorptive state

the GI tract lacks nutrients, and energy for the body is supplied by the breakdown of the body’s own nutrient store

the postabsorptive state does not have readily available ____ in blood

glucose

What does plasma concentration of glucose and amino acids regulate

regulates secretion of insulin and glucagon

What is the fasting plasma glucose range amount

65-105 mg/dl

what does the absorptive state range rise to 

rises to 140-150 mg/dl