Cj final

3 strikes law

A law that mandated a life sentence after 3 felony offenses.

corporal punishment

Physical force upon a child as a means of punishment.

American Prison system

Initiated by William Penn.

Walnut Street Jail

The first prison to experiment with solitary confinement and the Pennsylvania system.

Quakers

Known for the concept of solitary confinement and rehabilitation.

Zebulon Brockway

A prison reformer who started experimenting with indeterminate sentencing and parole.

19th Century federal prisoners

Housed in state institutions due to no established federal prison system.

Alcatraz

A maximum security federal prison.

jails vs prisons

Jails usually hold people waiting to be tried, and/or people who committed small offenses and serve less than a year; prisons hold people who have committed felonies and are serving longer sentences.

American jail population

720,000.

American jail population demographics

Primarily comprised of unconvicted white males with some high school education.

modern-day punishment akin to Scarlet Letter

Adoption by a majority of states of an internet-based registry of convicted sex offenders.

max, min, and medium security prisons

Maximum security is the most restrictive with a high level of security; minimum security is relatively unrestricted; medium security is a mix of the two.

earliest form of inmate classification

Includes degree of individual reform.

primary rehabilitative tools

Vocational, educational, and drug treatment programs.

antiquated prisons

Continue to remain in use due to overcrowding.

primary task of prisons

Rehabilitation and deterrence.

highest risk group for AIDs in the US

Women.

Commissioner

The position at the top of the administration in the Department of Corrections.

warden

A prison warden is the top-ranking official at a correctional facility, responsible for the overall management and operation of the prison.

cocaine detection in urine

Remains in a person's urine for 2-4 days.

Attica State Prison riot

An uprising in 1971, caused by poor living conditions and discrimination.

writ of habeas corpus

Limited to contesting detention by the government.

habeas corpus

A procedure that allows people to challenge the legality of their detention.

jailhouse lawyer

A prisoner who has gained significant legal knowledge.

religious freedom in prison

It is free to practice any religion, the same as it applies outside of prison.

Wolff vs McDonnell

A case ruling that basic elements of procedural due process must be present when decisions are made about the disciplining of an inmate for a serious rule violation.

4th, 5th, and 8th Amendments

4th is the right to privacy from unreasonable searches and seizures; 5th is protection against self-incrimination; 8th prohibits unreasonable punishments.

rehabilitative treatment

Not a right by the courts.

lockdown condition

A security measure restricting the movement of inmates.

New Mexico State Penitentiary

Known for the largest and most brutal prison riot in US history.

community-based correction

A model of corrections based on the goal of reintegrating the offender into the community.

father of probation

John Augustus.

parole

Early release from prison into the community.

probation

A sentence served in the community rather than in prison.

probation officers

Supervise probationers.

conditional discharge

A type of sentence in which a person is found guilty but does not impose a formal conviction if specific conditions are adhered to.

Probation Officer

They can conduct investigations, prepare reports, and recommend actions to the court.

Probation Officer Limitations

They may only conduct home visits with the probationer's consent or in response to compliance concerns.

Authority to Revoke Probation

Judges and/or Correctional Officials.

Initiating Technical Violation Proceedings

The probation officer.

Most Widely Endorsed Condition of Probation

Alcohol and drug testing.

Technical Violations of Parole

Failure to abide by the rules results in revocation of probation.

Meaning of Parole

Parole comes from French, meaning 'Word of Honor.'

Date of Delinquency

The date when an individual failed to meet standards in parole or probation.

Furlough

A period in which an inmate is allowed to visit family to keep community bonds strong.

Difference Between Probation and Parole

Probation is instead of a prison sentence; parole is early release from a prison sentence.

Shock Probation

A sentence in which the offender is released after a short incarceration and resentenced to probation.

Trends in Parole

The parolee population is increasing; parolees are older, have served more time, and more parolees are being sent back to prison as parole violators.

Measuring Effectiveness of Parole

It is difficult to determine due to lack of agreed-upon standards.

Temporary Release Programs

Federal and state reports suggest they should be tried with violent offenders.

Intensive Probation Supervision Programs

Evaluations show they are more effective than regular probation.

Dead Time

Time in custody that does not add to the total sentence.

Recidivism

Repeating offenses.

Effective Measure of Reducing Recidivism

Rehabilitation.

Crime Classifications Parolees Avoid

Parolees tend not to repeat sex crimes.

Basic Principles of the Pennsylvania System

1. Treating prisoners to change lives; 2. Solitary confinement to prevent corruption; 3. Offenders reflect in isolation; 4. Solitary confinement as punishment; 5. Economic benefits of solitary confinement.

New York System

A penitentiary system where inmates were isolated at night but worked and ate together during the day under a rule of silence.

Treatment of Female Prisoners

Before the 19th century, female prisoners were not treated differently from males.

Levels of Government Operating Correctional Programs

Federal, state, and local.

Administration of Jails

Jails are administered locally by local governments or counties.

Drug Test Refusal on Probation

No, they cannot refuse drug tests.

Probation Officer Caseload

Yes, probation officers often have heavy caseloads.

Adjustment of Fines

Generally, no.

Goal of Community Corrections

Reintegrating the offender into the community.

World's First Probation Officer

John Augustus.

Impact of Closing Mental Institutions

Yes, it did.

Inmate Isolation

No, most inmates do not spend time in isolation.

Prone to Violence

Men are more prone to violence.

Gang Membership in Prison

Yes, it is often race-based.

Prisoner-Officer Violence

What is not a problem in prison?

Pardon

A forgiveness of crime that relieves individual consequences.

Roles of a Parole Officer

Cop and social worker.